真希望有TOEFL PASS，大家背考時就用TPO練習，因為TPO的出題思維最接近考試
來個段落結構分析做開頭
一段落的開頭第一句一定是主題句，就是會先把重點講出來，另外老外寫作思維以線性思維為主，先總論再分論，先抽象在具體，先解釋在舉例，先申論後細節，一切是平行宇宙，彼此不相互瓜葛，糾纏，就好比牛頓第一運動定論，靜者恆靜，動者恆等速度動，然而中國人的太極思維，要就是不要，不要就是要，色即是空，空即是色，無形及有形，有形是無形，此時無聲勝有聲，萬事有因果輪迴，人有旦夕禍福，月有陰晴圓缺，明月幾時有，把酒問青天，所以解題時千萬別以華人思維解題，不然會發現每個答案好像都是對的，用最簡單的一段句子中不加轉折來說明，陳述會是主題句+加解釋+加例句+加結論，發展文章可能會是這樣：主題：林志琳很正，解釋：她有第一名模稱號，一般大眾也知道，她的美麗在華人界裡很有代表性，例子：TIME雜誌評比為100大華人美女，RUNWAY 也有專題訪問穿搭，長像亮麗。結論：林志琳果然是很pulchritudinous (國色天香，傾國傾城)。那華人思維可能會是，究竟有第一名模稱號，一般大眾也知道，XX年獲TIME雜誌封面，RUNWAY 也有專題訪問，她的美麗在華人界裡很有代表性，又是100大華人美女，穿搭，展像也有亮麗的一面，如此傾國傾城，是誰，她是，林志琳。(一切只是舉例別太認真探討。)所以這樣1. 重點跑道很後面，無法一 眼看出重點。2.概念，舉例攪在一起，亂章無序。這方面的寫作方式在國外學術類文章是不太存在的，不太用的。
因此回歸寫作的技巧，就是一個段落中主題句+加解釋+加例句+加結論 !!!!!!
如要參考托福獨立寫作策略：
TOEFL【Independent Writing】搞定托福獨立寫作的戰略分析
參考資料來自：ETS TOEFL TPO 20-2
The Origins of Agriculture
一段：How did it come about that farming developed independently in a number of world centers (the Southeast Asian mainland, Southwest Asia, Central America, lowland and highland South America, and equatorial Africa) at more or less the same time? Agriculture developed slowly among populations that had an extensive knowledge of plants and animals. Changing from hunting and gathering to agriculture had no immediate advantages. To start with, it forced the population to abandon the nomad's life and become sedentary, to develop methods of storage and, often, systems of irrigation. While hunter-gatherers always had the option of moving elsewhere when the resources were exhausted, this became more difficult with farming. Furthermore, as the archaeological record shows, the state of health of agriculturalists was worse than that of their contemporary hunter-gatherers.
1. The word "option" in the passage is closest in meaning to
Achoice
Bbenefit
Cidea
Dexperience
單字只能被多少算多少，盡量別再考試時候花時間推答案
2. According to paragraph 1, all of the following are advantages of hunting and gathering over agriculture EXCEPT:
- AIt is a healthier lifestyle.
- BIt requires less knowledge of plants and animals.
- CIt does not need storage capabilities.
- DIt is not tied to any specific location.
- 是非題：看到有true 或 not ，except直接看選項去找文中找答案，因為這種題目出現時機會出現在文中出現舉例(First, second, on the other hand, last... 等等類似這種多重案例擠在一段的情況)，或者是並列句型，而且會出在你精神最不集中的時候(要嘛考試一開始，要嘛文章尾巴，要嘛考試75分鐘以後)，如果去找文中對應的句子套入選項答案中，會很零散反而事半功倍，所以各選項先簡單筆記一下即可找到相對應答案 ， 定位詞：H和G的好處對應文中Changing from hunting and gathering to agriculture had no immediate advantages.往後看她開始舉例了，所以答案就在其中，答案選項的配置通常為定位詞前面的句子考一個，定位詞後面的舉例考剩下的三個
(A) 健康 ->Furthermore, as the archaeological record shows, the state of health of agriculturalists was worse than that of their contemporary hunter-gatherers
(B) 少知識-> Agriculture developed slowly among populations that had an extensive knowledge of plants and animals. (在定位祠前方，基本上位置不對我就覺得這個選項錯了，而且本題不是推理題不要過度推理，農業有高超的動植物知識，並不表示獵捕採集知識薄弱)
(C) X 存-> To start with, it forced the population to abandon the nomad's life and become sedentary, to develop methods of storage and, often, systems of irrigation.(Become 代表前後變化，前後的不同，所以跟解析(B)選項的思維不同)
(D) X 特定區-> While hunter-gatherers always had the option of moving elsewhere
二段：Traditionally, it was believed that the transition to agriculture was the result of a worldwide population crisis. It was argued that once hunter-gatherers had occupied the whole world, the population started to grow everywhere and food became scarce; agriculture would have been a solution to this problem. We know, however, that contemporary hunter-gatherer societies control their population in a variety of ways. The idea of a world population crisis is therefore unlikely, although population pressure might have arisen in some areas.
3. The word "therefore" in the passage is closest in meaning to
- Ain theory
- Bobviously
- Cfrequently
- Das a result
- 單字加油，有背有分
4. Which of the following best describes the way paragraph 2 is organized?
- AA possible explanation for a phenomenon is presented and then criticized
- BTwo similar ways of accounting for a puzzling fact are considered.
- CEarly societies' response to a problem is contrasted with contemporary societies' response.
- DA prehistoric development is first explained in traditional terms and then in contemporary terms.
- 結構題：這題一定先看主題句和結論句(頭和尾) 簡單note: 主題句，農因為人口危機，結論：不像，轉折，也是有人口升。此題unlike(不像)是關鍵，有打槍的用意，那打槍誰待會再看上一句怎麼說，先處理選項看哪寫選項有否定含意的先保留(A)criticized保留 (C) contrasted 保留。好，再來結論前一句note：當代GHS 有很多方法控制，所以(A)就決定是你了，(C)的response不對Traditionally, it was believed that the transition to agriculture was the result of a worldwide population crisis. It was argued that once hunter-gatherers had occupied the whole world, the population started to grow everywhere and food became scarce;只是背景現象說明，agriculture would have been a solution to this problem.他們認為農業是解答，屬於觀點，contemporary hunter-gatherer societies control their population in a variety of ways.也屬於觀點，如果表示回應應該說方法一怎樣，方法二怎樣，再次提醒，他不是推理題不要過度聯想
三段：Climatic changes at the end of the glacial period 13,000 years ago have been proposed to account for the emergence of farming. The temperature increased dramatically in a short period of time (years rather than centuries), allowing for a growth of the hunting-gathering population due to the abundance of resources. There were, however, fluctuations in the climatic conditions, with the consequences that wet conditions were followed by dry ones, so that the availability of plants and animals oscillated brusquely.
The temperature increased dramatically in a short period of time (years rather than centuries), allowing for a growth of the hunting-gathering population due to the abundance of resources.
5. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
- AThe resources needed by the growing hunting and gathering population increased rapidly once temperatures rose.
- BDramatic temperature increases and the simultaneous growth of the hunting and gathering population led to the need for more resources.
- CHigher temperatures led to the existence of increased resources, thus enabling the hunting and gathering population to grow.
- DThe dramatic temperature increase occurred during the few years when abundant resources allowed the hunting and gathering population to grow.
- 句子改寫：反白句的note：t++，造成(隱性因果allow表結果) HGP++， 由於(due to又是隱性因果表原因) 多資，整理一下-> T++，結果 多資，節果 HGP++。所以此題有雙因果找看看選項中邏輯詞有雙因果的有(A) by 一個 (B) 一個並列and，一個因果led to (C) 兩個因果 (D) 一個因果allow，所以選(C) 連主幹都不用分析直接挑答案，爽
6. According to paragraph 3, the abundance of resources fluctuated sharply after the end of the glacial period because
- Alocally abundant resources were quickly exhausted by hunter-gatherers
- Bthe temperature became much higher in some areas over others
- Cdifferent types of plants and animals became available as the climate changed
- Dthe amount of rainfall varied radically from one period to the next
- 細節題：關鍵字是 abundance of resources fluctuated ，對應到的原文整句讀完 abundance of resources後面沒有接 fluctuated 定位詞錯誤， 所以在往下看，發現fluctuated->fluctuations， resources->the availability of plants and animals，整句讀完rainfall->wet conditions，one period to the next->followed by dry ones。(C)易被誤導different types 原文也沒說
四段：It would appear that the instability of the climatic conditions led populations that had originally been nomadic to settle down and develop a sedentary style of life, which led in turn to population growth and to the need to increase the amount of food available. Farming originated in these conditions. (第7題)Later on, it became very difficult to change because of the significant expansion of these populations. It could be argued, however, that these conditions are not sufficient to explain the origins of agriculture. (第8題)Earth had experienced previous periods of climatic change, and yet agriculture had not been developed.
7. It can be inferred from paragraph 4 that it was difficult for people to change from farming back to hunting and gathering because
- Apeople had become more used to different types of food
- Bclimatic conditions were no longer favorable for hunting and gathering
- Cpopulations had become too large to be supported by hunting and gathering
- Dthe farmer's sedentary life was easier than the hunter-gatherer's nomadic life
- 推理題： 請找題幹裡名詞，但她不會出現在答案選項中，題幹的名詞會和內文同性質名詞對比或相似， 題幹 note：人改變很難 因為?? 重點在改變 change from farming back to hunting and gathering，F和HG就是推理題對應的主角了兩者行為模式相反，內文中Farming originated in these conditions. 找到了!! these conditions.往前找看是什麼內容，in turn to population growth and to the need to increase the amount of food，好了現在內容也有了開始解析，F 源-> 人口++，需求++，所以推理下去 H&G -> 人口- -，需求- -，選(C)對應 too large to be supported ，H&G 人太多就不能支持了
8. Why does the author state that "Earth had experienced previous periods of climatic change, and yet agriculture had not been developed"?
- ATo suggest that climate change had occurred long before the development of agriculture
- BTo argue that climate change does not properly explain why agriculture developed
- CTo challenge the assumption that agriculture developed only in some parts of the world
- DTo question the claim that climate change occurred at the time when agriculture developed
- 修辭目的題： 要先找題幹的那句內文在哪 ，注意到 修辭目的題的特色是問為何題幹的這些字彙出現在文章中，意味的題幹出現的字是舖梗，所以不要往題幹出現的那段句子找答案 回歸文章結構分析，線性思維為主，此為先抽象在具體，Earth 具體(一個有形的東西)，既然這段反白是具體例證，所以答案就是要你找出抽象概念在講什麼，找上一句(因為線性思維)，討論邏輯部分，這裡只是純脆延續加以舉證，所以前後邏輯相同，It could be argued, however, that these conditions are not sufficient to explain the origins of agriculture.這裡However是跟再上一句做轉折關係，跟此題無關。
五段：It is archaeologist Steven Mithen's thesis, brilliantly developed in his book The Prehistory of the Mind (1996), that approximately 40,000 years ago the human mind developed cognitive fluidity, that is, the integration of the specializations of the mind: technical, natural history (geared to understanding the behavior and distribution of natural resources), social intelligence, and the linguistic capacity. Cognitive fluidity explains the appearance of art, religion, and sophisticated speech. Once humans possessed such a mind, they were able to find an imaginative solution to a situation of severe economic crisis such as the farming dilemma described earlier. Mithen proposes the existence of four mental elements to account for the emergence of farming: (1) the ability to develop tools that could be used intensively to harvest and process plant resources; (2) the tendency to use plants and animals as the medium to acquire social prestige and power; (3) the tendency to develop "social relationships" with animals structurally similar to those developed with people—specifically, the ability to think of animals as people (anthropomorphism) and of people as animals (totemism); and (4) the tendency to manipulate plants and animals.
9. The word "imaginative" in the passage is closest in meaning to
- Acomplex
- Bcreative
- Cimmediate
- Dreliable
10. According to paragraph 5, Steven Mithen believes that all of the following contributed to the emergence of farming EXCEPT
- Athe development of a mind flexible enough to come up with solutions to complex problems
- Bthe tendency to use plants and animals to acquire power
- Cthe tendency to emphasize the differences between animals and people
- Dthe ability to make tools that could be used for the large-scale harvesting of plants
- 又是是非題：題幹定位 SM (有點難聽) Mithen proposes the existence of four mental elements to account for the emergence of farming: 往後看有項次，一一對應回去即可
- 選項note：對應文中內容選(C)
- (A) deve 彈性夠處理難事 ->to find an imaginative solution to a situation of severe economic crisis(定位詞前方)
- (B) 用pnt 得力 ->(2) the tendency to use plants and animals
- (C) 強調 ani& pnt的不同 ->(3) the tendency to develop "social relationships" with animals 相反陳述
- (D) 工具->(1) the ability to develop tools
六段：The fact that some societies domesticated animals and plants, discovered the use of metal tools, became literate, and developed a state should not make us forget that others developed pastoralism or horticulture (vegetable gardening) but remained illiterate and at low levels of productivity; a few entered the modern period as hunting and gathering societies. It is anthropologically important to inquire into the conditions that made some societies adopt agriculture while others remained hunter-gatherers or horticulturalists. However, it should be kept in mind that many societies that knew of agriculture more or less consciously avoided it. Whether Mithen's explanation is satisfactory is open to contention, and some authors have recently emphasized the importance of other factors.
11. The word "contention" in the passage is closest in meaning to
- Ainvestigation
- Bimprovement
- Cdebate
- Dinterpretation
12. According to paragraph 6, which of the following is a weakness of Mithen's explanation?
- AIt does not clearly distinguish agriculture from pastoralism and horticulture.
- BIt fails to explain why some societies adopted agriculture while others did not.
- CIt explains the domestication of plants and animals but not the development of metal tools.
- DIt overlooks the fact that illiteracy and low productivity remain problems even today
- 細節題：題幹定位詞Mithen's explanation，weakness->open to contention，文中整句讀完，some authors->選項(B)中 while others did not ，如果時間多的話再做驗證，發現定位詞中它們再爭甚麼沒講，再看上一句 many societies that knew of agriculture
13. 句子插入題 最適合插入文中哪個■位置
Agriculture developed slowly among populations that had an extensive knowledge of plants and animals.■(A)Changing from hunting and gathering to agriculture had no immediate advantages. ■(B)To start with, it forced the population to abandon the nomad's life and become sedentary, to develop methods of storage and, often, systems of irrigation. ■(C)While hunter-gatherers always had the option of moving elsewhere when the resources were exhausted, this became more difficult with farming. ■(D)Furthermore, as the archaeological record shows, the state of health of agriculturalists was worse than that of their contemporary hunter-gatherers.
Because humans had built up this knowledge as hunter-gatherers, it is logical to conclude that over time they would have become extremely efficient.
句子插入題：有this出現表示前面提過的東西再提一次 ，然後 hunter-gatherers efficient.-> agriculture had no immediate advantages，(B)，(C)，(D)這三個都是具體例子，不可能插入其一分開做抽象解釋
A
14. It is unclear why hunter-gatherers in different parts of the world independently developed agriculture at roughly the same time.
(A) One obstacle to the transition from a nomadic lifestyle to the sedentary lifestyle required by agriculture was that hunter-gatherers had not developed storage techniques.
(B) The origins of agriculture maybe linked to climate change at the end of the last ice age, but this does not explain why earlier climatic instability had not led to agriculture.
(C) One recent theory suggests that the invention of agriculture was made possible by the integration of various mental capacities in the human mind.
(D) It seems unlikely that agriculture emerged in response to a food shortage brought on by a worldwide population crisis that developed once the whole world was occupied.
(E) The only available means of understanding the social organization and technical abilities of ancient hunter-gatherer societies is the study of contemporary hunter-gatherers.
(F) Little is known about why only some societies that adopted agriculture rapidly progressed to using metal tools, becoming literate, and developing a state.
文章小節：
1.六選三，一定看引導句 . It is unclear why hunter-gatherers in different parts of the world independently developed agriculture at roughly the same time.解剖後 不知為何 HG deve 到 農 同時卻異地，本題直接問Why所以就要找同時異地的原因，預想答案可能跟氣候有關(同時異地表示地方涵蓋很大)
2.請對前面13題留點印象
3.一定有一個正確選項來自最後一段，除非他跟最後一段描述相反
4.刪去法：有時候找出錯的答案，比找出對的答案簡單，因為對的答案會很精確毫無疑問，細節和細節間處理完美，但是錯誤答案可能隱藏至少兩三個錯誤點，所以相較之下比較多線索，找到一個錯誤就可以殺除了，以上相互使用可以很快解題
- (A)相反， 有storage 對應第二題
- (B)對應第六題，姐和預想類似 climate change
- (C)對應第十二題，也是最後一段的內容
- (D)對應第七題
其實可以不用看了~~答案都有三個了 - (E) not only，the importance of other factors對應第十二題
- (F)Little=沒有(表否定)，此題拼裝車，和主旨句要的東西牛頭不對馬尾。主旨句不知為何 HG deve 到 農 同時卻異地，選項是 為什麼只有一些S(some societies that後面的補充說明當作不存在，不要翻譯 ) 沒被知道
最後恭喜大家花時間把一篇TPO練習完了，祝大家考試順心!!
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