大家是不是有一種看題目看不下去的心情呢，尤其是相看選項在回文中找答案，這四個選項根本讀不進去，這個大家到一樣啦，所以要開始先找方法，找適合自己的解題方法，分析題型，把各類題型的特色記下來，去對症下藥，然後在通過TPO去驗證個人的方法是否靠譜，剛開始會比較辛苦，但強迫自己每天摸托福考試的題目，久了自然就成功了，我覺得沒必要趕，先慢慢摸索，慢慢打基礎，久了就會快速成長了。當你在問我說如何可以短時間內快速提高分因為沒什麼時間可以備考，我一定會說請刪掉FB，刪掉LINE，刪掉神魔之塔，當手機只剩下托福必考單字7000，那時間自然就有了
藝術是我覺得托福考試最機車的，專有名詞有常常同字母開頭，筆記常常搞錯。而且老愛出推理題，非常討厭，廢話不說直接開始解析。
以下紅色標註是實際解題有看過的，讀越少越好，80分鐘考四篇文章，一篇大概14題，也就是平均一題要在90秒完成，時間真的很趕，而今天這一篇我覺得定位詞很難找，所以策略是全部都用選項答案回推原文找答案
資料參考來源 ETS TOEFL TPO 29-1
Characteristics of Roman Pottery
一段：The pottery of ancient Romans is remarkable in several ways. The high quality of Roman pottery is very easy to appreciate when handling actual pieces of tableware or indeed kitchenware and amphorae (the large jars used throughout the Mediterranean for the transport and storage of liquids, such as wine and oil). However, it is impossible to do justice to Roman wares on the page, even when words can be backed up by photographs and drawing. Most Roman pottery is light and smooth to touch and very tough, although, like all pottery, it shatters if dropped on a hard surface. It is generally made with carefully selected and purified clay, worked to thin-walled and standardized shapes on a fast wheel and fired in a kiln (pottery oven) capable of ensuring a consistent finish. With handmade pottery, inevitably there are slight differences between individual vessels of the same design and occasional minor blemishes (flaws). But what strikes the eye and the touch most immediately and most powerfully with Roman pottery is its consistent high quality.
1. Paragraph 1 indicates which of the following about Roman pottery?
ARoman amphorae were of much higher quality overall than other Roman pottery.
BRoman pottery can best be appreciated when actual pieces are handled.
CRoman pottery declined slightly in quality when the use of fast wheels and kilns was introduced.
DRoman practical tableware spread more rapidly across the Mediterranean than amphorae did.
- 推理題：本題RP在內文中出現太多次，難以定位，所以直接用是非題的方法，將選項答案帶入文中對應
- (A) RA 高品質 > RP → 對應 The high quality of Roman pottery is very easy to appreciate when handling actual pieces of tableware or indeed kitchenware and amphorae 注意對應邏輯不同，選項是比較，但文中是When 表條件
- (B) RP 好欣賞 當拿著 對應 The high quality of Roman pottery is very easy to appreciate when handling actual pieces of tableware
- (C)RP 質--，用W → 對應 It is generally made with carefully selected and purified clay, worked to thin-walled and standardized shapes on a fast wheel 相反
- (D) T 散佈 > A → 對應 handling actual pieces of tableware or indeed kitchenware and amphorae (the large jars used throughout the Mediterranean for the transport and storage of liquids 並列邏輯，不是比較
- 法二：題幹的主幹是 RP，開始找對比或相似的同性質詞類，以及找有沒有轉折(however)或是相似類比(like，such...)，看到二，三句中間有個 however 。推理題討厭就討厭在題幹出現的名詞常常不是定位詞
- The high quality of Roman pottery is very easy to appreciate when handling actual pieces of tableware or indeed kitchenware and amphorae (the large jars used throughout the Mediterranean for the transport and storage of liquids, such as wine and oil). However, it is impossible to do justice to Roman wares(=Roman pottery) on the page, even when words can be backed up by photographs and drawing. However 後面有一個 when words can be backed up by photographs and drawing，意思大概是用照片和文字很難評斷(on the page)，然後However, 的關係取邏輯相反，對應過去所以用手拿著就好欣賞了→不要用照片和文字(on the page)去欣賞，所以用手拿著，when handling actual pieces of tableware or indeed kitchenware and amphorae 。When有表示時間的含意，在推理題當中很好用，因為WHEN的出現會有很明顯的時間區隔，當『此時』我幹嘛的時候，意味著我不再『此時』的時候，不會做和『此時』同樣的事情，所以之間就有轉折了。
2. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 1 as characteristics of Roman pottery EXCEPT:
- AIt was usually made with high-quality clay.
- BIt generally did not weigh much.
- CIt did not break as easily as other ancient pottery.
- DIt sometimes had imperfections.
- 是非題：其實開頭看到The pottery of ancient Romans is remarkable in several ways.就要有警覺他會考哪幾種，所以將選項答案帶入文中對應(文中藍色關鍵字)
- (A) 高品質→ Roman pottery is its consistent high quality
- (B) 輕 → Roman pottery is light
- (C) X 破 → it shatters if dropped on a hard surface (相反)
- (D) 不完美→ occasional minor blemishes (flaws). 找slightly difference 也可
二段：This is not just an aesthetic consideration but also a practical one. These vessels are solid (brittle, but not fragile), they are pleasant and easy to handle (being light and smooth), and, with their hard and sometimes glossy (smooth and shiny) surfaces, they hold liquids well and are easy to wash. Furthermore, their regular and standardized shapes would have made them simple to stack and store. When people today are shown a very ordinary Roman pot and, in particular, are allowed to handle it, they often comment on how modern it looks and feels, and they need to be convinced of its true age.
3. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT true of Roman vessels?
- AThey were good containers for liquids.
- BTheir shapes allowed for easy stacking and storing.
- CThey sometimes had shiny surfaces.
- DTheir true age is immediately apparent.
- 是非題：將選項答案帶入文中對應
- (A) 好裝液體→hold liquids well
- (B) 易存→simple to stack and store.
- (C) 亮面→glossy (smooth and shiny) surfaces
- (D) 知 AGE→ 前面三個都有對應了直接選，如果為人固執的話，they need to be convinced of its true age. (要被說服，不能直接判斷年齡)
三段：As impressive as the quality of Roman pottery is its sheer massive quantity. When considering quantities, we would ideally like to have some estimates for overall production from particular sites of pottery manufacture and for overall consumption at specific settlements. Unfortunately, it is in the nature of the archaeological evidence, which is almost invariable only a sample of what once existed, that such figures will always be elusive. However, no one who has ever worked in the field would question the abundance of Roman pottery, particularly in the Mediterranean region. This abundance is notable in Roman settlements (especially urban sites) where the labor that archaeologists have to put into the washing and sorting of potsherds (fragments of pottery) constitutes a high proportion of the total work during the initial phases of excavation.
4. The author mentions the work of archaeologists in paragraph 3 in order to
- Asupport the idea that pottery was produced in large quantities by the Romans
- Billustrate how hard it is for archaeologists to find complete pieces of Roman pottery
- Ccontrast archaeological sites in Roman urban areas with other sites in the Mediterranean
- Dexplain why the quantities of pottery found vary significantly from one site to another
- 修辭目的題：文章結構一定是先概念在做解釋，也就是先論點在論據。找定位詞 A 和work，定位到原文整句讀完This abundance is notable in Roman settlements (especially urban sites) where the labor that archaeologists have to put into the washing and sorting of potsherds (fragments of pottery) constitutes a high proportion of the total work during the initial phases of excavation，(論據，說明考古學家的工作要幹嘛?)，往前找論點 no one who has ever worked in the field would question the abundance of Roman pottery，大家都認為很多，選(A)
四段：Only rarely can we derive any “real” quantities from deposits of broken pots. However, there is one exceptional dump, which does represent a very large part of the site’s total history of consumption and for which an estimate of quantity has been produced. On the left bank of the Tiber River in Rome, by one of the river ports of the ancient city, is a substantial hill some 50 meters high called Monte Testaccio. It is made up entirely of broken oil amphorae, mainly of the second and third centuries A.D. It has been estimated that Monte Testaccio contains the remains of some 53 million amphorae, in which around 6,000million liters of oil were imported into the city from overseas, imports into imperial Rome were supported by the full might of the state and were therefore quite exceptional----but the size of the operations at Monte Testaccio, and the productivity and complexity that lay behind them, nonetheless cannot fail to impress. This was a society with similarities to modern one----moving goods on a gigantic scale, manufacturing high-quality containers to do so, and occasionally, as here, even discarding them on delivery.
5. The word “substantial” in the passage is closest in meaning to
- Aprotected
- Bman-made
- Clarge
- Dfamous
6. According to paragraph 4, Monte Testaccio is particularly important for archaeologists because archaeologists were able to
- Aconclude how amphorae manufacturing increased rapidly after the second century A.D.
- Bfind the locations where most of the amphorae in the Roman Empire were produced
- Cobtain relatively accurate calculations of the quantities of amphorae used over time in that place
- Ddiscover that the Roman state had supported amphorae production
- 細節題：定位詞 MT不行因為太多了， 找看看題幹還有沒有關鍵字可以用，有了! 但很隱蔽不容易找(不然用是非題的方式解題也可以) particularly important for archaeologists→ remains(內文)，該句讀完發現 estimated → (C)選項calculations，some 53 million amphorae→ (C)選項the quantities of amphorae
7. The word “entirely” in the passage is closest in meaning to
- Aapparently
- Bcompletely
- Cbasically
- Dmostly
四段：Only rarely can we derive any “real” quantities from deposits of broken pots. However, there is one exceptional dump, which does represent a very large part of the site’s total history of consumption and for which an estimate of quantity has been produced. On the left bank of the Tiber River in Rome, by one of the river ports of the ancient city, is a substantial hill some 50 meters high called Monte Testaccio. It is made up entirely of broken oil amphorae, mainly of the second and third centuries A.D. It has been estimated that Monte Testaccio contains the remains of some 53 million amphorae, in which around 6,000million liters of oil were imported into the city from overseas, imports into imperial Rome were supported by the full might of the state and were therefore quite exceptional----but the size of the operations at Monte Testaccio, and the productivity and complexity that lay behind them, nonetheless cannot fail to impress. This was a society with similarities to modern one----moving goods on a gigantic scale, manufacturing high-quality containers to do so, and occasionally, as here, even discarding them on delivery.
8. Paragraph 4 indicates which of the following about the port on the Tiber River near Monte Testaccio?
- AIt was built around the third century A.D.
- BIt was close to areas where large quantities of oil were produced.
- CIt was in use only for a very short period of time.
- DIt had impressive level of commercial activity.
- 堆裡題：題幹的主幹是 PORT(水上港口) 在 MT附近，開始找對比或相似的同性質詞類 MT 是土堆，找有沒有轉折(however)或是相似類比(like，such...)，找到文中第一，二句 Only rarely can we derive any “real” quantities from deposits of broken pots. However, there is one exceptional dump, which does represent a very large part of the site’s total history of consumption and for which an estimate of quantity has been produced. deposits(土堆)不能預測陶器數量，但是(however 表示邏輯相反)有一個可以而且很多，然後下一句接著這個那麼多consumption 的土堆是誰→MT，答案出來了(D)
9. The statement in paragraph 4 that amphorae delivered to the port near Monte Testaccio were occasionally discarded support which of the following?
- ATraders at the port were often careless.
- BThe quality of the amphorae used at the port was not very good.
- CThe scale of the trade made it possible to waste quality amphorae sometimes.
- DThe importing of oil from overseas gradually declined, reducing the need for pottery containers.
細節題：對應到最後一句，scale of the trade→moving goods on a gigantic scale，選(A)就過度推理了，careless乍看之下好像跟discard有連結，但是他也可以故意丟棄。細節題不能推理，直接按照原文內容去對應不要放大或縮小範圍
五段：Roman pottery was transported not only in large quantities but also over substantial distances. Many Roman pots, in particular amphorae and the fine wares designed for use at tables, could travel hundreds of miles----all over the Mediterranean and also further afield. But maps that show the various spots where Roman pottery of a particular type has been found tell only part of the story. What is more significant than any geographical spread is the access that different levels of society had to good-quality products. In all but the remotest regions of the empire, Roman pottery of a high standard is common at the sites of humble villages and isolated farmsteads.
10. The statement that “maps show the various spots where Roman pottery of a particular type has been found tell only part of the story” makes the point that
- Amaps indicate where specific pottery styles have been found, but they do not indicate where these styles originated
- Bmaps show the geographical spread of Roman pottery but not the people who had access to it
- Cmaps do not usually include pottery styles found in the remotest regions the Roman Empire
- Darchaeologist studying Roman pottery need to use a range of techniques in their investigations
- 修辭目的題：題幹前方有BUT，邏輯取反，看選項(D)刪除，再來題幹屬於論據，MAPS SHOW...某個東西顯示...不就是論據嗎。往前看，Many Roman pots，amphorae，Mediterranean。這又是論據，所以在往前看到第一句Roman pottery was transported not only in large quantities but also over substantial distances.
11. The word “humble” in the passage is closest in meaning to
- Arural
- Bdistant
- Cancient
- Dmodest
12. The word “particular” in the passage is closest in meaning to
- Aspecific
- Bcommon
- Cancient
- Dsuperior
13. That is because residents of a city did not usually discard used pottery at the same site over a long period of time.
This abundance is notable in Roman settlements (especially urban sites) where the labor that archaeologists have to put into the washing and sorting of potsherds (fragments of pottery) constitutes a high proportion of the total work during the initial phases of excavation.
■(A)Only rarely can we derive any “real” quantities from deposits of broken pots. ■(B)However, there is one exceptional dump, which does represent a very large part of the site’s total history of consumption and for which an estimate of quantity has been produced. ■(C)On the left bank of the Tiber River in Rome, by one of the river ports of the ancient city, is a substantial hill some 50 meters high called Monte Testaccio. ■(D)It is made up entirely of broken oil amphorae, mainly of the second and third centuries A.D.
插入句：題幹分析，That 出現表示代名詞戴明前一個名詞也可能是整個句子，後面because 表示題幹是『因』，前面句子是『果』，因果兩者邏輯是相同的肯定+肯定，或者否定+否定，邏輯同步，然後回文中看(B)選項後面有個However表示轉折，前後邏輯是相反的，所以答案只剩(A)和(B)可以，再來分析題幹的主幹，note：居 X 丟 P (A)前面段落在講考古學家工作在幹嗎，所以不相干，選(B)
14. 文章小節 The pottery of the ancient Roman Empire is remarkable .
(A) Roman pottery is considered to be practical and of consistently high quality.
(B) Even though the exact quantity of pottery produced by the Romans is almost impossible to calculate, it is certain that it was produced in large quantities.
(C) Roman pottery was transported over long distances, and different levels of society had access to quality pottery.
(D) People are not familiar with the whole range of pottery the Romans created because most of the available pieces represent only a limited number of styles and shapes.
(E) Archaeologists looking for the remains of Roman pottery concentrate on urban sites because that is where the oldest pieces of kitchenware and amphorae have been found.
(F) It is still unclear to archaeologists what the role of the Roman state in the commercial success of Roman pottery was.
題幹note：P 很屌，所以心裡預想是5W1H，怎麼屌，厲害在哪，如何厲害....
(A) 對應第二題，也符合預想材質很厲害(WHAT)
(B) note：數量不可計算，但很多就是了，對應第四題，也符合預想量大的跨張(HOW)
(C) RP 被長距離運送，大家都可近，對應第十題，也符合預想 WHERE
有三個答案了，可以滑鼠點NEXT了......
(D) 沒講CREATED 文章只有講放在MT，because 後面 有些有瑕疵 FLAW(第二題)
(E) 第六題只是說量大好研究，沒說最老，而且和題幹答非所問，題幹：P很厲害，(E) 考古學家致力於城市遺址(干我屁是阿) 這就好像在問說，你吃飽沒? 喔!! 今天天氣好熱
(F) unclear 和第八題相反
有些解題技巧就不多敘述了，之前有幾篇可以參考，祝托友們有個好成績!!
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