熱血背包客莊ㄟ

現在托福在閱讀加試的出現比例大增，也就是80分鐘要完成四篇文章，加試內容不是經典加試(不是考古題)，如果硬看全文跟他拚，很容易虛脫，加上這才是第一關而已，後面的聽力口說跟寫作真的節奏很快，中間又只有休息十分鐘，所以能靠一點技巧還是比較安全低~~~

本文主要針對認識托福的朋友，在正尋找個人的解題方式作參考用的，望能幫助大家。以下用一篇實際的文章作解析，小第大概花十三分鐘解決，詳細閱讀文章內容不到一半，所以其實要先分析題目出來之後的每一題型，在對每一題型的出題特徵做解剖，學海無涯，祝大大們離夢想更進一步

參考資料來自：ETS TOEFL  TPO21-1

Geothermal Energy

一段：.Earth's internal heat, fueled by radioactivity, provides the energy for plate tectonics and continental drift, mountain building, and earthquakes. It can also be harnessed to drive electric generators and heat homes. Geothermal energy becomes available in a practical form when underground heat is transferred by water that is heated as it passes through a subsurface region of hot rocks (a heat reservoir) that may be hundreds or thousands of feet deep. The water is usually naturally occurring groundwater that seeps down along fractures in the rock; less typically, the water is artificially introduced by being pumped down from the surface. The water is brought to the surface, as a liquid or steam, through holes drilled for the purpose.

1. According to the processes described in paragraph 1, what is the relationship between radioactivity and the steam produced by geothermal heat?

• A Geothermally heated steam is produced when water is exposed to radioactivity deep underground.
• B When water is introduced into holes drilled thousands of feet in the ground, it becomes radioactive and turns to steam.
• C Radioactivity heats Earth's interior rock, which in turn can heat water to the point it becomes steam.
• D When a reservoir of steam in subsurface rock is produced by radioactivity, it is said to be geothermally heated.

細節題，請找名詞 把題幹出現的名詞在原文當中整句讀完radioactivity(第一句), stream(最後一句) 然後找相似詞 (C)Heat Interior rock->Earth’s internal heat，through holes-> water to the point 細節題有個特色就是選項答案的資訊會若再您剛剛利用關鍵字所找到的句子裡。

2. The word "practical" in the passage is closest in meaning to

• A usable
• B plentiful
• C economical
• D familiar

單字建議能背多少就背多少，把考試的時間留給魔王文章小節題

二段：By far the most abundant form of geothermal energy occurs at the relatively low temperatures of 80° to 180° centigrade. Water circulated through heat reservoirs in this temperature range is able to extract enough heat to warm residential, commercial, and industrial spaces. More than 20,000 apartments in France are now heated by warm underground water drawn from a heat reservoir in a geologic structure near Paris called the Paris Basin. Iceland sits on a volcanic structure known as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Reykjavik, the capital of Iceland, is entirely heated by geothermal energy derived from volcanic heat.

3. The word "abundant" in the passage is closest in meaning to

• A economical
• B familiar
• C plentiful
• D useful

4. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true about heat reservoirs with a temperature in the range of 80° to 180° centigrade?

• A They are under international control.
• B They are more common than reservoirs that have a higher temperature.
• C Few of them produce enough heat to warm large industrial spaces.
• D They are used to generate electricity.

是非題，看到有true 或 not ，except直接看選項去找文中找答案，因為這種題目出現時機會出現在文中出現舉例(First, second, on the other hand, last... 等等類似這種多重案例擠在一段的情況)，或者是並列句型，而且會出在你精神最不集中的時候(要嘛考試一開始，要嘛文章尾巴，要嘛考試75分鐘以後)，如果去找文中對應的句子套入選項答案中，會很零散反而事半功倍，所以各選項先簡單筆記一下即可找到相對應答案

定位temperatures of 80° to 180° centigrade 前，後找

• (A)國，控 =>沒看到對應點
• (B) 多com>high T => the most abundant low temperatures
• (C) no -> ind空 => enough heat to warm residential, commercial, and industrial spaces相反
• (D) 生電=>過度延伸 有energy 沒電

這題滿衰的幾乎整段看了

三段：Geothermal reservoirs with temperatures above 180° centigrade are useful for generating electricity. (第5題.)They occur primarily in regions of recent volcanic activity as hot, dry rock; natural hot water; or natural steam. The latter two sources are limited to those few areas where surface water seeps down through underground faults or fractures to reach deep rocks heated by the recent activity of molten rock material. (第6.題)The world's largest supply of natural steam occurs at The Geysers, 120 kilometers north of San Francisco, California. In the 1990s enough electricity to meet about half the needs of San Francisco was being generated there. This facility was then in its third decade of production and was beginning to show signs of decline, perhaps because of over development. By the late 1990s some 70 geothermal electric-generating plants were in operation in California, Utah, Nevada, and Hawaii, generating enough power to supply about a million people. Eighteen countries now generate electricity using geothermal heat.

5. According to paragraph 3, what is the connection between underground faults and naturally occurring steam?

• A Underground faults enable the heat from molten-rock material to escape upward to regions where it can heat surface water enough to produce steam.
• B Underground faults are created by steam that is produced in geothermal reservoirs deep inside Earth.
• C Underground faults create spaces in which natural steam is sometimes trapped.
• D Underground faults allow surface water to reach deep rocks that are hot enough to turn it into steam.

細節題，先把題幹名詞(越畸形獨特越好，而且整段只出現一次，這樣才能定位方便)找出，UF，NS，答案就在這兩名詞的句子中   connection-> the latter two sources are limited to those few areas where surface water seeps down through underground faults or fractures to reach deep rocks heated by the recent activity of molten rock material (與題幹名詞中的那整句話看完，以外的信息即為答案)

6. In paragraph 3, why does the author mention that in the 1990s The Geysers was in its third decade of production?

• A To provide the historical context of the geothermal production of electricity in the United States
• B To imply that The Geysers was the first geothermal site to be put into production in California
• C To help explain the signs of decline shown by The Geysers
• D To explain why 70 new geothermal sites were put into electricity production in the late 1990s 

 ​​​​​修辭目的題(有看到author mention/ purpose)：要先找題幹的那句內文在哪，此題1990s，Geysers， third decade 都為名詞，對應原文此題原文跨越三句，所以答案在其中(一般修辭目的題只為有一句內文對應該題題幹，此題特別)，然後修辭目的題的特色是問為何題幹的這些字彙出現在文章中，意味的題幹出現的字是舖梗，所以不要往題幹出現的那段句子找答案，於是目標轉到and was beginning to show signs of decline, perhaps because of over development. 此題and 為前後兩句的連接詞，視為另一完整句，省略 the facility 

7. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraphs 2 and 3 about geothermal reservoirs?

• A Volcanic heat is associated only with geothermal reservoirs that have a temperature over 180° centigrade.
• B More countries produce power from geothermal reservoirs than use them for heating buildings.
• C Most geothermal reservoirs are suitable for producing electricity.
• D A higher geothermal reservoir temperature is needed to generate electricity than is needed to heat homes.

推理題，請找題幹裡名詞，但她不會出現在答案選項中，題幹的名詞會和內文同性質名詞對比或相似，所以本題geothermal reservoirs對應第三段首句很明顯有個above 180° centigrade 而第二段有個low temperatures of 80° to 180° centigrade 一高一低形成強烈對比，接下來看內容above 180° centigrade後面給的線索是useful for generating electricity.因為邏輯線是相反，所以推論答案一定會是useless for generating electricity 對應選項(D) 比起生熱而言需高溫生電   這是推論題的基本遊戲規則，文中問GR 如何 找到兩種明顯對比，180以上文中信息是 useful，所以推論180以下，因為180以上和180以下是相反的，所以推出來的就是not useful 了

四段：Extracting heat from very hot, dry rocks presents a more difficult problem: the rocks must be fractured to permit the circulation of water, and the water must be provided artificially. The rocks are fractured by water pumped down at very high pressures. Experiments are under way to develop technologies for exploiting this resource.

8. According to paragraph 4, extracting heat from very hot, dry rocks is difficult in part because

• A the underground rock must be fractured before heat can be removed from it
• B the water above the rock is under very high pressure
• C the rock breaks apart when water is pumped into it
• D the water circulated through the rock must be much cooler than the rock itself

細節題：直接找名詞回去定位內容整句話，題幹最後提到because所以要考慮句子因果problemc後頭有冒號「：」冒號在文章的用意表原因，所以答案在the rocks must be fractured to permit the circulation of water, and the water must be provided artificially 裡面，此題細節題又出現另一常見現象，當我們找到對應句子當中the rocks must be fractured to permit the circulation of water, and the water must be provided artificially 中間有and 因為他是對等連接詞，所以答案往往只放一個進去也就是說此題正解會是 (甲)he rocks must be fractured to permit the circulation of water (乙)the water must be provided artificially，那選項中沒看到人工地所以大膽選擇題目選項中的 (A)

9. The word "exploiting" in the passage is closest in meaning to

• Alocating
• Bincreasing
• Cmaking use of
• Destimating the size of

五段：Like most other energy sources, geothermal energy presents some environmental problems. The surface of the ground can sink if hot groundwater is withdrawn without being replaced. In addition, water heated geothermally can contain salts and toxic materials dissolved from the hot rock. These waters present a disposal problem if they are not returned to the ground from which they were removed.

10. How is the problem that the surface may sink related to the problem that water heated geothermally may contain toxic materials?

• A Both problems could be solved by returning groundwater that is removed from an underground heat reservoir back to the reservoir after heat is extracted from it.
• B The problem of sinking is more difficult to solve than is the problem of toxic materials.
• C Land at the surface sinks because the rock beneath the surface is weakened when salts and toxic materials are removed from it in the process of extracting geothermal energy.
• D Both problems are caused by the fact that the hot groundwater in a heat reservoir dissolves the rock, which weakens the rock and makes the water toxic with salt.

細節題，此題根本裝神弄鬼，How is the problem that the surface may sink related to the problem that water heated geothermally may contain toxic materials?看得出來題幹的主要名詞是誰嗎? problem 為什麼，

(一) How is the problem that the surface may sink (此That 引導出來的名詞子句作為problem 的說明) 所以假裝沒看到，內容物補充說明哪方面的問題

(二) 1.我覺得題幹這句話當中 sink 和 related 中間要多個逗點比較好-> , which is 被省略 原句表達為 1. How is the problem that the surface may sink，WHICH IS  related to the problem that water heated geothermally may contain toxic materials? 2. 她如果當分詞構句解釋，省略 ，and the problem is related ，原句表達為 2. How is the problem that the surface may sink，AND THE PROBLEM IS  related to the problem that water heated geothermally may contain toxic materials? 不過這都不影響語意，只不過是更進一步說明這個problem 和哪個problem有關

(三) the problem that water heated geothermally may contain toxic materials(這個that引導名詞子句的句首一樣作為problem 的說明) ，內容物補充說明哪方面的問題

(四 )另外 that water (which is 省略)heated geothermally -> heated geothermally 做形容詞子句當water 的修飾詞

(五) 所以整句刪掉一群喳喳剩   How is the problem=>對應原文最後一句 if..not returned..反向說明 對應(A) 正向說明

六段：The contribution of geothermal energy to the world's energy future is difficult to estimate. Geothermal energy is in a sense not renewable, because in most cases the heat would be drawn out of a reservoir much more rapidly than it would be replaced by the very slow geological processes by which heat flows through solid rock into a heat reservoir. However, in many places (for example, California, Hawaii, the Philippines, Japan, Mexico, the rift valleys of Africa)the resource is potentially so large that its future will depend on the economics of production. At present, we can make efficient use of only naturally occurring hot water or steam deposits. Although the potential is enormous, it is likely that in the near future geothermal energy can make important local contributions only where the resource is close to the user and the economics are favorable, as they are in California, New Zealand, and Iceland. Geothermal energy probably will not make large-scale contributions to the world energy budget until well into the twenty-first century, if ever.

11. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

 Geothermal energy is in a sense not renewable, because in most cases the heat would be drawn out of a reservoir much more rapidly than it would be replaced by the very slow geological processes by which heat flows through solid rock into a heat reservoir.

• A Heat flows through solid rock very slowly, so it takes a very long time for geological processes to produce a reservoir of geothermal energy.
• B Geothermal energy is not renewable because heat flows very slowly through solid rock into or out of a heat reservoir.
• C The heat quickly removed from a heat reservoir is replaced so slowly by geological processes that geothermal energy is not practically speaking, renewable.
• D In most cases, heat travels into a heat reservoir so slowfy that it is a much quicker process to remove the heat from a reservoir than to replace it.

句子改寫題：用意在於把句子的主幹找出來也就是完全不變形的S+V 那開始解析

1. 1.首先眼睛會先被because 吸引，沒錯這個副詞子句所引導的句子會有因果關係，這是整個長句子的邏輯，就是表達「因果」
2. 2.Because 是連接詞，所以逗點前面才是主詞  note：GE 不可更新，because子句note：heat遺失很快，快過被取代(被取代慢)，所以開始找答案。(C) so…that 因果關係，然後that後面GE不可更新，熱移除快，熱被取代慢，The heat quickly removed from a heat reservoir(形容詞子句，還原句子為which is被省略 removed from a heat reservoir) is replaced so slowly by geological processes that geothermal energy is not practically speaking(副詞表程度差異跳過吧不是翻譯重點), renewable
3. by which heat flows through solid rock into a heat reservoir. ，這句話只是修飾詞修飾 processes，是怎樣的過程，藉由熱流經岩石進入熱庫(熱褲??)的過程 

12. In paragraph 6, the author implies that in California, Hawaii, the Philippines, Japan, Mexico, and the rift valleys of Africa the potential size of the geothermal resource is so large that

• A it might be economically worth developing these sites even though geothermal energy is not renewable
• B these sites will be the first geothermal energy sites to be developed with new technology
• C these sites are likely to make a large-scale contribution to the world energy budget in the twenty-first century
• D it does not matter whether they have naturally occurring deposits of hot water or steam

細節題：把上面的地名帶回原文整句讀完，發現內容只有ECO=> (A) economically worth

13.句子插入題 最適合插入文中哪個■位置

 In either case, the heated water will usually be under considerable pressure, and so may have a temperature that is well above its sea-level boiling point of 100° centigrade.

 Geothermal energy becomes available in a practical form when underground heat is transferred by water that is heated as it passes through a subsurface region of hot rocks (a heat reservoir) that may be hundreds or thousands of feet deep. ■(A)The water is usually naturally occurring groundwater that seeps down along fractures in the rock; less typically, the water is artificially introduced by being pumped down from the surface. ■(B)The water is brought to the surface, as a liquid or steam, through holes drilled for the purpose. ■(C)By far the most abundant form of geothermal energy occurs at the relatively low temperatures of 80° to 180° centigrade. ■(D) Water circulated through heat reservoirs in this temperature range is able to extract enough heat to warm residential, commercial, and industrial spaces. 

(B) 前面less typically 對應usually 自然對應人工，中間用 In either cases連接表示兩者的對立關係(關鍵字就是考 either 怎麼使用)

14. Heat reservoirs in the form of hot rock far beneath Earth's surface are a potential source of usable geothermal energy.(我是引導句)

1. 六選三，一定看引導句 Heat reservoirs in the form of hot rock far beneath Earth's surface are a potential source of usable geothermal energy. 解剖後 HR= 可用的地熱，然後本題離不開5W1H(when，where，who，what，why，how)，所以抓完主幹之後再自己試問，假設可以解結你假設的問題他就是答案了1.何時HR= 可用的地熱 2.哪個地方HR= 可用的地熱 3.誰有 HR= 可用的地熱 4.什麼讓HR= 可用的地熱 5.為什麼要 HR= 可用的地熱 6. 如何使HR= 可用的地熱
2. 請對前面13題留點印象
3. 一定有一個正確選項來自最後一段，除非他跟最後一段描述相反
4. 刪去法-有時候找出錯的答案，比找出對的答案簡單，因為對的答案會很精確毫無疑問，細節和細節間處理完美，但是錯誤答案可能隱藏至少兩三個錯誤點，所以相較之下比較多線索，找到一個錯誤就可以殺除了，以上相互使用可以很快解題

• (A)HR 主詞出現，as 後面有地名 符合(5W1H預想) 且 對應十二題 對       
• (B)Because 前是第四題的主軸，後面是第五題的主軸，兩者拼裝不選
• (C) ex.進行中 和 引導句 HR= 可用的地熱 看不出相關性 主幹不對不予理會
• (D) 回答Who 和what (5W1H預想) 也對應第七題 對
• (E) 對應第十題 returned 才對 不是加壓 錯
• (F) 最後一段 而且都已經選出三個錯的了 (F)一定對

是否發現到14題當中細節題和單字題占50%，換句話說整場閱讀考試完畢之後，細節題和單字題都拿到就有15分基本分了，大家別慌張，你繳了175美金的考試費用給ETS，就等於說ETS欠你30分，那15分已經討債回來了，接下來的利息就好討了(修辭目的，是非，推論，插入句，改寫，小節)，慢慢討先穩固基本分比較重要，祝大家考試順心!!