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GRE - T-28

Article one : (From GRE offical guide )

Despite the extravagant colors of the flowers bees visit, until the early 1900s it was commonly thought that bees were entirely color-blind. To test this, zoologist Karl von Frisch set out an array of dishes on cards. The dish on one card, the only blue card among varying grays, contained sugar water. Once bees learned to visit this card and dish combination, he varied its position in the matrix. Next, he replaced all the cards and dishes with a new set of identical materials, only now leaving the blue card`s dish empty. The bees nonetheless returned to the blue card. If their vision were monochromatic, they would likely have found at least some of the gray cards indistinguishable from the blue.

(A) validate a view about bees` color vision that was once commonly accepted

(B) suggest why it might be surprising that bees were thought to be color-blind

(C) complicate the debate about bees` color vision

(D) point out a reason for bees` visual limitations

(E) anticipate an objection to the methodology of the experiment described in the passage

Ans: (B)

key) by the  " extravagant colors ", we search the words in the article. and we can find them here; Despite the extravagant colors of the flowers bees visit, until the early 1900s it was commonly thought that bees were entirely color-blind.  And be careful about " despite" which will casue the opposite logic comparied with the main sentence. So " extravagant colors " is acturally saying that bees ignore colors. from this clud we can easily konw that the answer is (B) which have the key, surprusing (matching "Despite") and color-blind. 

(A) was able to record accurately any changes in color that resulted from spills or drops

(B) could subtly alter the color of the card on which the sugar water was placed in each iteration of the experiment

(C) introduced new clues relevant to finding the sugar water`s location

(D) succeeded in proving that bees see in only a limited spectrum of color

(E) was able to rule out the possibility that the bees had somehow marked the blue card in previous trials

Ans: (E)

key) Using a name, Frisch, and replacing the dish of sugar water...the question shows us, we can forcus the sentence on this; Next, he replaced all the cards and dishes with a new set of identical materials, only now leaving the blue card`s dish empty. Because the question requests the inference of the passage, we must read more than one sentence which is related to " Next, he replaced all the cards and dishes with a new set of identical materials, only now leaving the blue card`s dish empty. " . To find the answer, "Next" is the word to set apart from messages that mentioned above, so we can boldly guess there are no related key point above the sentence including the "Next". Then, this is our base line to find the clue. Check out the later one : The bees nonetheless returned to the blue card. From this, "nonetheless" means opposite opinion against the upper sentence, so " The bees nonetheless returned to the blue card." means that there is nothing to do with "sugar", making us to delet (A), (B), and (D) which include "color". So only two got to select. Then (E) can be the answer judging from "rule out" and "the bees had marked the blue card (matching sugar)". Sadly, (C) is irrelevant twaddle. The result that bees still came back to "no sugar" dish controdicts " finding the sugar water`s location" in (C). 

Article two : (From GRE offical guide )

Most research on olfactory adaptation examines relatively transient changes in stimulus detection or perceived intensity-rarely exceeding several hours and often less-but because olfactory adaptation can be produced with relatively short exposures, these durations are sufficient for investigating many parameters of the phenomenon. However, exposures to odors in natural environments often occur over far longer periods, and the resulting adaptations may differ qualitatively from short-term olfactory adaptation. For example, studies show that even brief periods of odorant stimulation produce transient reductions in receptors in the olfactory epithelium, a process termed "receptor fatigue". Prolonged odor stimulation, however, could produce more long-lasting reductions in response, possibly involving structures higher in the central nervous system pathway.

(A) explain the physiological process through which long-lasting reductions in response are thought to be produced

(B) provide an example of a process that subjects would probably not experience during a prolonged period of odorant stimulation

(C) help illustrate how the information gathered from most olfactory research may not be sufficient to describe the effects of extended exposures to odors

(D) show how studies of shrot-term olfactory adaptation have only accounted for the reductions in response that follow relatively brief absences from an odorous environment

(E) qualify a statement about the severity and duration of the perceptual changes caused by exposure to chronically present ambient odors

Ans：C

We are asked for looking for reason of "receptor fatigue". Why the author wanna talk about it. So find the sentence;  For example, studies show that even brief periods of odorant stimulation produce transient reductions in receptors in the olfactory epithelium, a process termed "receptor fatigue". From this, "For example" means to supprot upper sentence that " exposures to odors in natural environments often occur over far longer periods, and the resulting adaptations may differ qualitatively from short-term olfactory adaptation" . Plus, the key of the upper one is  "differ qualitatively". This structure make (D), ans (E) wrong, because (D)"how studies" does not fit "For example" and (E) only mention "chronically" rather then two of the periods. Then, "even" shows that both of short-term and long-term have the some problem of  "receptor fatigue". It says there somthing different between short and long. But the sentence including "even" says that both of the peridos have some result: "receptor fatigue", allowing for the Answer to be (C): the main idea says that there is a difference, but the example says both of them have  the same "receptor fatigue", showing that we need to find other way to distributish their difference. If we didn't notice the "EVEN" in the sentence, we must be trapped into (B)

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