熱血背包客莊ㄟ

推理題技巧，以下都是無聊的分析，請斟酌閱讀，以下推理過程很繁雜，但習慣就不會了，假設您還沒找到適合的推理題解題方式的話，不仿參考以下內容，防止必須通讀全文的窘境

ID：infer / imply / suggest / indicate / most likely 

三大解題思路：

1.一般對比推理：會在文章中找到兩個等值的對象，可能為人，事，物，然後當其中一個物件，假設"物件A"中的特徵被描述，題目會問"物件B"的特徵是什麼，那麼這時候就要看文章的描述，假設物件A和物件B是相同屬性的所以可以推出A=B，反之則A=-B，例如(文章的線索：A功課很好，A在資優班不同於B在放牛班，所以推理出的答案就是B成績不好)

2.時間對比推理：時間段的推理，時間點定義出來之後，問你在時間點之前和之後發生什麼事，前後是什麼關係，這裡一定是考特徵相反的題目，只有相反才需要在文章上標訂出時間點，例如：A在20s' popular答案選項就會是 20s'前A不popular 

3.集合概念推理：一個數學大集合當中，假設A集合，和B集合更成了整個集合，所以可以知道總集合就是A+B，因此假設A減少了，那就表示B增加了，這就是互補性取反的考題，例如同一個班級當中，男同學減少10個人，換句話說女生比例增加了。第二：假設今天是在講特徵上面的集合，例如於生活在水中，推理出的答案可能會是，魚在水中繁殖，因為就集合概念講，魚的繁殖只是魚生活的一部分，所以繁殖這個活動被包含在生活這個集合的範圍內。

正推比較間單：就看相似點即可

反推的話，可以根據轉折，否定，反義，時間地點下手

時間就是考察前後內容的矛盾點

地點就是考察內外內容的矛盾點

以下直接進入推理題

PS：According to paragraph X 這樣開頭的要用細節題解

Further evidence for the costs of begging comes from a study of differences in the begging calls of warbler species that nest on the ground versus those that nest in the relative safety of trees. The young of ground-nesting warblers produce begging cheeps of higher frequencies than do their tree-nesting relatives. These higher-frequency sounds do not travel as far, and so may better conceal the individuals producing them, who are especially vulnerable to predators in their ground nests. David Haskell created artificial nests with clay eggs and placed them on the ground beside a tape recorder that played the begging calls of either tree-nesting or of ground-nesting warblers. The eggs “advertised” by the tree-nesters' begging calls were found bitten significantly more often than the eggs associated with the ground-nesters' calls.

@ Paragraph 2 indicates that the begging calls of tree nesting warblers

A. put them at more risk than ground-nesting warblers experience

B. can be heard from a greater distance than those of ground-nesting warblers

C. are more likely to conceal the signaler than those of ground-nesting warblers

D. have higher frequencies than those of ground-nesting warblers

解題方式：

題目找對象：tree nesting warblers，好了TNW有了，他應該是跟生物，帶入文章找類似TNW的生物B，這不是細節題不要定位同樣的東西，

The young of ground-nesting warblers produce begging cheeps of higher frequencies than do their tree-nesting relatives.，這句話中的ground-nesting warblers就是和TNW對應的物種了，所以主角A從題目找到TNW，主角B從文章找到GNW，一樣同一句話當中找內容higher frequencies，所以GNW有HF，展現出他們的不同，所以HF的不同是哪些不同就要往下看了，These higher-frequency sounds do not travel as far, and so may better conceal the individuals producing them, who are especially vulnerable to predators in their ground nests.，從這個句子當中得到了兩點，當HF的時候傳不遠和好隱藏兩個元素，那元素找期之後進入表格

既然相反：所以答案就知道了far / not conseal，直接秒殺(B)

Given that predators can make it costly to beg for food, what benefit do begging nestlings derive from their communications? One possibility is that a noisy baby bird provides accurate signals of its real hunger and good health, making it worthwhile for the listening parent to give it food in a nest where several other offspring are usually available to be fed. If this hypothesis is true, then it follows that nestlings should adjust the intensity of their signals in relation to the signals produced by their nestmates, who are competing for parental attention. When experimentally deprived baby robins are placed in a nest with normally fed siblings, the hungry nestlings beg more loudly than usual—but so do their better-fed siblings, though not as loudly as the hungrier birds.

If parent birds use begging intensity to direct food to healthy offspring capable of vigorous begging, then parents should make food delivery decisions on the basis of their offsprings’ calls. Indeed, if you take baby tree swallows out of a nest for an hour feeding half the set and starving the other half, when the birds are replaced in the nest, the starved youngsters beg more loudly than the fed birds, and the parent birds feed the active beggars more than those who beg less vigorously.

@ It can be inferred from paragraphs 4 and 5 that parent songbirds normally do not feed

A. nestlings that are too weak to beg for food as vigorously as their nestmates

B. more than one hungry nestling during a single visit to the nest

C. offspring that were fed by the parents on the previous visit to the nest

D. nestlings that have been removed and then later put back into their nest

這題真的很裱，考了兩段，不過依照修辭目的的解題方式就直接看各段的開頭跟結尾就好，之後馬上在這區間中找到根題目能夠對應的關係詞

解題方式：

題目找對象：題目parent songbirds normally do not feed，文章最後一行the parent birds feed，有餵跟沒餵形成完美對比，在來就看文章內容是什麼，找到後方的the active beggars

分析玩了之後填入表格

看了一下一樣秒殺題目：(A) too weak to beg

The areas covered by this material were so vast that the ice that deposited it must have been a continental glacier larger than Greenland or Antarctica. Eventually, Agassiz and others convinced geologists and the general public that a great continental glaciation had extended the polar ice caps far into regions that now enjoy temperate climates. For the first time, people began to talk about ice ages. It was also apparent that the glaciation occurred in the relatively recent past because the drift was soft, like freshly deposited sediment. We now know the age of the glaciation accurately from radiometric dating of the carbon-14 in logs buried in the drift. The drift of the last glaciation was deposited during one of the most recent epochs of geologic time, the Pleistocene, which lasted from 1.8 million to 10,000 years ago. Along the east coast of the United States, the southernmost advance of this ice is recorded by the enormous sand and drift deposits of the terminal moraines that form Long Island and Cape Cod.

@ It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that Agassiz and other geologists of his time were not able to determine

A. which geographic regions had been covered with ice sheets in the last ice age

B. the exact dates at which drifts had been deposited during the last ice age

C. the exact composition of the drifts laid during the last ice age

D. how far south along the east coast of the United States the ice had advanced during the last ice age

解題方式：

直接找題目主角是誰Agassiz and other geologists of his time，後方有個time，所以未看先猜一定是考時間對比的概念，絕對不要再他的後方去找答案，因為他是推理題不是細節題，接著從文中可以找到Agassiz是題目主角，那跟他對應的會是we now，人跟時間點，再來就看we now 後面的主幹，the age of the glaciation accurately，dating of the carbon-14 in logs buried in the drift，帶入表格

時間點不同，那容一定相反，(B)砍瓜切菜易如反掌

The chief problem was technological: How were the Europeans to reach the East? Europe's maritime tradition had developed in the context of easily navigable seas—the Mediterranean, the Baltic, and, to a lesser extent, the North Sea between England and the Continent—not of vast oceans. New types of ships were needed, new methods of finding one's way, new techniques for financing so vast a scheme. The sheer scale of the investment it took to begin commercial expansion at sea reflects the immensity of the profits that such East-West trade could create. Spices were the most sought-after commodities. Spices not only dramatically improved the taste of the European diet but also were used to manufacture perfumes and certain medicines. But even high-priced commodities like spices had to be transported in large bulk in order to justify the expense and trouble of sailing around the African continent all the way to India and China. 

@ It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that spices from Asia were desirable in Europe in the Middle Ages because they

A. were easily transported in large quantities

B. could not be produced in European countries

C. could be traded for products such as perfumes and medicines

D. were expected to increase in value over time

解題方式：

直接找題目主角是誰，spices from Asia，文中描述India and China. 看來找不到對應的另一個主角，所以用對比方法對不出來，而且他問的是原因because they，因此這一題要用大篇幅的整理，先把有關於spice的東西都弄出來，如以下

1. Spices were the most sought-after commodities. 

2. Spices not only dramatically improved the taste of the European diet but also were used to manufacture perfumes and certain medicines. 

3. But even high-priced commodities like spices had to be transported in large bulk in order to justify the expense and trouble of sailing around the African continent all the way to India and China. 

以上三句，再來要注意到其實『infer』在英英字典的定義是，能夠由前提推理出來的結論，所謂的前提在本題就是原因的意思，也就是題目尾巴要我們找的東西，而題目的spices from Asia were desirable in Europe就是結論了，然後他也對應這我們這裡整理出來的第一句話，既然結論出來其他就是前提了，（不要問為什麼，因為結論在一段論述裡面只能有一個，如果要暸解更多為什麼argument=premises + conclusion的話可以參考我的GRE批判性推理的分類），好了，那剩下的兩句話都會是前提，再加上題目問你的一個原因，所以這一小段有關於spice的敘述，會有三組前提，也就是第二句，第三句，再加上選項的一句話，再來進入重點了，整個論述當中必須滿足前提跟前提之間是『緊密不離題的，要保持其連貫性』，所以第二句話的主幹是香料可以加味，再製，然後第三段香料是生活必需品，必須進口，所以以上必須符合連貫性，你只能選（Ｂ），想要又得靠別人，只能是（Ｂ）因為沒生產，最後才能得到結論是：香料人人要。

補充：（Ａ）簡單不能連到生活必需品，只有大量才能解釋。（Ｃ）可以交易到香料，這裡如果選下去的話就證明文章的第二句話是錯的，因此這樣是破壞了前提的不可爭議性，也就是保『真』性。（Ｄ）value這絕對會連不起來，價值越來越高你怎麼可能普及變成必需品。我覺得這題考得太不像托福的形式了，這倒是滿像GRE的。

When experimental populations are set up under simple laboratory conditions, the predator often exterminates its pre and then becomes extinct itself, having nothing left to eat. However, if safe areas like those prey animals have in the wild are provided, the prey population drops to low level but not extinction. Low prey population levels then provide inadequate food for the predators, causing the predator population to decrease. When this occurs, the prey population can rebound. In this situation the predator and prey population may continue in this cyclical pattern for some time.

Population cycles are characteristic of small mammals, and they sometimes appear to be brought about by predators. Ecologists studying hare populations have found that the North American snow shoe hare follows a roughly ten-year cycle. Its numbers fall tenfold to thirty in a typical cycle, and a hundredfold change can occur. Two factors appear to be generating the cycle: food plants and predators.

@ Which of the following can be inferred from paragraphs 2 and 3 about the small mammals that experience population cycles?

A. Their population cycles are not affected by predators.

B. Their predators’populations periodically disappear.

C. They typically undergo ten-year cycles.

D. They have access to places safe from predators.

解題方式：

題目主角是small mammals，也是找不到對應的另一個角色

所以只能用集合方式想所以一樣先找目標

Population cycles are characteristic of small mammals, and they sometimes appear to be brought about by predators.，這句話前半部相似度百分之百，所以可以當作目標，接這把後面看完，他說這個cyclec和predators有關

這裡就是predators是座標原點，所以比較對象是small mammals VS. prey population

接下來找兩個主角是相似還是相反，可以看到我們被迫讀的四個句子當中沒否定沒轉折，所以相似

所以題目主角找到了就是small mammals，文章主角是prey population，接著找文章主角所產生的內容是什麼，看到in this situation，挖勒只能往前看，悲劇的是When this occurs，還是只能再往前看了，Low prey population levels then provide inadequate food for the predators, causing the predator population to decrease.，好了終於沒有代名詞了，表示整個內容的主要部分到此為止，整理一下 cycle= Low prey→predator decrease→prey rebound.好的內容也找到了

(D)跟推理的內容相似，他們到一個沒有掠食者染指之地

(A)就不可能了阿，都說有關了怎麼不影響呢，

(B)阿都說有關了，怎麼會消失呢，

(C)這個10年cycle沒辦法跟predator扯到關係，

PS：有些解題看到多半會從 However, if safe areas like those prey animals have in the wild are provided, the prey population drops to low level but not extinction.這句下手，因為有個however,可是問題是怎麼能夠說明裡頭的prey就是small mammals呢? 這樣就不合理了，而且從不會滅亡推理到他們找到一個安全的地方感覺邏輯跳很多層

以上自己整理出來的內容希望能幫上忙，喜歡，或是不喜歡還是有錯誤，歡迎留言指教，謝謝!! 

有興趣研究進階推理題的話：TOEFL-Reading | TPO17-3 The chief problem was technological: How were the Europeans to reach the East?