托福【閱讀】解題技巧-修辭目的題解題心得(3)－熱血背包客莊ㄟ

以下簡單從托福X站，隨機挑出難度係數最高的進行解題說明，本來都習慣用考X分的，結果他媽的現在改版跟ETS(一坨屎)合作後禁止海外人士使用，不囉嗦利馬開始

想知道詳細的步驟說明可以參考：

托福【閱讀】解題技巧-修辭目的題

Pollen samples from freshwater lakes in Syria and elsewhere tell us forest cover expanded rapidly at the end of the Ice Age, for the southwestern Asian climate was still cooler and considerably wetter than today. Many areas were richer in animal and plant species than they are now, making them highly favorable for human occupation. About 9000 B.C., most human settlements lay in the area along the Mediterranean coast and in the Zagros Mountains of Iran and their foothills. Some local areas, like the Jordan River valley, the middle Euphrates valley, and some Zagros valleys, were more densely populated than elsewhere. Here more sedentary and more complex societies flourished. These people exploited the landscape intensively, foraging on hill slopes for wild cereal grasses and nuts, while hunting gazelle and other game on grassy lowlands and in river valleys. Their settlements contain exotic objects such as seashells, stone bowls, and artifacts made of obsidian (volcanic glass), all traded from afar. This considerable volume of intercommunity exchange brought a degree of social complexity in its wake.

@Why does the author mention "seashells, stone bowls, and artifacts made of obsidian"?

A. To give examples of objects obtained through trade with other societies

B. To illustrate the kinds of objects that are preserved in a cool climate

C. To provide evidence that the organization of work was specialized

D. To give examples of the artistic ability of local populations

解題方式：

1.句子判定：那麼多鍋碗瓢盆，就是論據了，所以往前找答案

2.關鍵詞：such as

3.主幹：exotic objects...(A)other societies

The story of the westward movement of population in the United States is, in the main, the story of the expansion of American agriculture—of the development of new areas for the raising of livestock and the cultivation of wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton. After 1815 improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy. During periods when commodity prices were high, the rate of westward migration increased spectacularly. "Old America seemed to be breaking up and moving westward," observed an English visitor in 1817,during the first great wave of migration. Emigration to the West reached a peak in the 1830's. Whereas in 1810 only a seventh of the American people lived west of the Appalachian Mountains, by 1840 more than a third lived there

@ What is the purpose of the statement, “Whereas in 1810 only a seventh of the American people lived west of the Appalachian Mountains, by 1840 more than a third lived there”?

A. To illustrate that generally population shifts occur rapidly

B. To correct a mistaken impression of American agriculture from 1810 to 1840

C. To emphasize the range and speed with which the westward migration occurred

D. O To demonstrated how attractive the Appalachian Mountains were to Americans

解題方式：

1.句子判定：出現時間，地點，美國人，太具體了即判定論據，往前看

2.關鍵詞：whereas這有轉折

3.主幹：Emigration (主幹) to the West reached a peak in the 1830's，也沒什麼好猶豫的，選(C)

This process of settling in as a community over several generations, combined with local recruitment, presumably accounts for the apparent stability of the British northern frontier in the later Roman period. It also explains why some of the forts continued in occupation long after Rome ceased to have any formal authority in Britain at the beginning of the fifth century A.D. The circumstances that had allowed natives to become Romanized also led the self-sustaining military community of the frontier area to become effectively British.

@ Why does the author mention that “some of the forts continued in occupation long after Rome ceased to have any formal authority in Britain” ?

A. To emphasize the degree to which the stability of the British northern frontier depended on firm military control

B. To suggest that the Romans continued to occupy Britain even after they had formally given up the right to do so

C. To support the claim that forts continued to serve an import economic function even after they ceased to be of any military use

D. To describe one of the things that resulted from frontier garrisons’ becoming part of the local community over a long period

解題方式：

1.句子判定：Rome，Britain，forts 具體的論據，所以往前看

2.關鍵詞：explain ，解釋就是掩飾，表示認同，所以取支持態度

3.主幹：it就要看上一句再幹嗎了，process，community...(D)

The political institutions of the four countries posed no significant barriers to industrialization or economic growth. The nineteenth century passed relatively peacefully for these countries, with progressive democratization taking place in all of them. They were reasonably well governed, without notable corruption or grandiose state projects, although in all of them the government gave some aid to railways, and in Sweden the state built the main lines. As small countries dependent on foreign markets, they followed a liberal trade policy in the main, though a protectionist movement developed in SwedenIn Denmark and Sweden agricultural reforms took place gradually from the late eighteenth century through the first half of the nineteenth, resulting in a new class of peasant landowners with a definite market orientation.

@ The author includes the information that “a protectionist movement developed in Sweden” in order to

A. support the claim that the political institutions of the four countries posed no significant barriers to industrialization or economic growth

B. identify an exception to the general trend favoring liberal trade policy

C. explain why Sweden industrialized less quickly than the other Scandinavian countries and Netherlands

D. provide evidence that agricultural reforms take place more quickly in countries that have a liberal trade policy than in those that do not

解題方式：

1.句子判定：黃色字部分都是具體人，地點，所以是論據，往前找答案

2.關鍵詞：though，轉折，假設後面論據是"正"邏輯，那前面論點就是要"負"邏輯了，因為though 的論據部分沒看到任何負面邏輯詞，所以論點就要找選項中有負的形容，我們看到exception所以就直接選(B)，其他都是和論據同邏輯

3.主幹：如果不放心的話看到though前面liberal trade policy，選(B)

The astrolabe had long been the primary instrument for navigation, having been introduced in the eleventh century. It operated by measuring the height of the Sun and the fixed stars: by calculating the angles created by these points, it determined the degree of latitude at which one stood (The problem of determining longitude, though, was not solved until the eighteenth century.) By the early thirteenth century,Western Europeans had also developed and put into use the magnetic compass which helped when clouds obliterated both the Sun and the stars. Also beginning in the thirteenth century, there were new maps refined by precise calculations and the reports of sailors that made it possible to trace one's path with reasonable accuracy. Certain institutional and practical norms had become established as well. A maritime code known as the Consulate of the Sea, which originated in the western Mediterranean region in the fourteenth century, won acceptance by a majority of sea goers as the normative code for maritime conduct; it defined such matters as the authority of a ship's officers, protocols of command, pay structures, the rights of sailors, and the rules of engagement when ships met one another on the sea-lanes. Thus by about 1400 the key elements were in place to enable Europe to begin its seaward adventure.

@ Why does the author include the information that Western Europeans had developed and put into use the magnetic compass?

A. To provide an example of an instrument that was developed after caravels had begun traveling across oceans

B. To provide an example of an improvement that resulted directly from the invention of the astrolabe

C. To identify one of the technological advances that made sea trade with the East possible

D. To explain how the problem of determining longitude was solved

解題方式：

1.句子判定：同樣都是論據，所以答案要往前看，這次出現一個also表示前面也是個舉例，所以要往前前一句看，不過這裡有個It operated by measuring...，也就是這個it會指代The astrolabe，這時候如果選(B)就恭喜中招了，掉入ETS老頭的陷阱，沒辦法了，完全沒內容可以判別，所以進入另一個解題方式，結構分析

A. To provide an example of an instrument that was developed after caravels had begun traveling across oceans(最後一句黃字區時間點錯誤，題目的東西是13世紀也就是12xx年，開始航行是1400，時間點描述相反)

B. To provide an example of an improvement that resulted directly from the invention of the astrolabe(astrolabe在黑色區違反結構分層原則，題目和選項的答案必須在同一個文章結構分區中)

C. To identify one of the technological advances that made sea trade with the East possible

D. To explain how the problem of determining longitude was solved(longitude也在黑色區所以不選)

所以只剩(c)保留了，托福很喜歡在時間點上作手腳，以及玩拼裝車的遊戲(就是把黑色區的主幹+粉紅區的主幹加在一起組成一個選項來迷惑考生)

In a countercurrent exchange system, the blood vessels carrying cooled blood from the flippers run close enough to the blood vessels carrying warm blood from the body to pick up some heat from the warmer blood vessels; thus, the heat is transferred from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels before it reaches the flipper itself. This is the same arrangement found in an old-fashioned steam radiator in which the coiled pipes pass heat back and forth as water courses through them. The leatherback is certainly not the only animal with such an arrangement; gulls have a countercurrent exchange in their legs. That is why a gull can stand on an ice floe without freezing.

@ Why does the author mention old-fashioned steam radiator in the discussion of countercurrent exchange systems?

A. To argue that a turtle's central heating system is not as highly evolved as that of other warm-blooded animals .

B. To provide a useful comparison with which to illustrate how a countercurrent exchange system works

C. To suggest that steam radiators were modeled after the sophisticated heating system of turtles

D. To establish the importance of the movement of water in countercurrent exchange systems

解題方式：

1.句子判定：old-fashioned steam radiator前面有個found，發現就是論據，所以往前看

2.關鍵詞：the same 相同就表示支持了

3.主幹：熱傳導由外而內等等，對應(B)exchange

The mobility of pastoralist societies reflects their dependence on animal-based foods. While agriculturalists rely on domesticated plants, pastoralists rely on domesticated animals. As a result, pastoralists, like carnivores in general, occupy a higher position on the food chain. All else being equal, this means they must exploit larger areas of land than do agriculturalists to secure the same amount of food, clothing, and other necessities. So pastoralism is a more extensive lifeway than farming is. However, the larger the terrain used to support a group, the harder it is to exploit that terrain while remaining in one place. So, basic ecological principles imply a strong tendency within pastoralist lifeways toward nomadism (a mobile lifestyle). As the archaeologist Roger Cribb puts it, “The greater the degree of pastoralism, the stronger the tendency toward nomadism.” A modern Turkic nomad interviewed by Cribb commented: "The more animals you have, the farther you have to move."

@ In paragraph 2, why does the author contrast pastoralists with agriculturalists?

A. To explain why pastoralism requires more land than agriculturalism to support basic needs

B. To identify some advantages that mobile societies have over immobile societies

C. To demonstrate that ecological principles that apply to pastoralism do not apply to agriculturalism

D. To argue that agriculturalism eventually developed out of pastoralism

解題方式：

1.句子判定：發現沒給完整句子，且題目開頭為why，所以是為問因果關係，因此將解題方式是為細節題

細節題解題方式

1.定位詞：pastoralists with agriculturalists

2.邏輯詞：題目why，文章中黃色部分有SO，表示原因在前面一句

3.正負詞：無

4.主幹：All else being equal, this means they must exploit larger areas of land than do agriculturalists to secure the same amount of food, clothing, and other necessities.

找主幹：larger areas，the same amount....(A)

General concern about misleading tactics that advertisers employ is centered on the use of exaggeration. Consumer protection groups and parents believe that children are largely ill-equipped to recognize such techniques and that often exaggeration is used at the expense of product information. Claims such as "the best" or "better than" can be subjective and misleading; even adults may be unsure as to their meaning. They represent the advertiser's opinions about the qualities of their products or brand and, as a consequence, are difficult to verify. Advertisers sometimes offset or counterbalance an exaggerated claim with a disclaimer—a qualification or condition on the claim. For example, the claim that breakfast cereal has a health benefit may be accompanied by the disclaimer "when part of a nutritionally balanced breakfast " However, research has shown that children often have difficulty understanding disclaimers: children may interpret the phrase "when part of a nutritionally balanced breakfast" to mean that the cereal is required as a necessary part of a balanced breakfast. The author George Comstock suggested that less than a quarter of children between the ages of six and eight years old understood standard disclaimers used in many toy advertisements and that disclaimers are more readily comprehended when presented in both audio and visual formats. Nevertheless, disclaimers are mainly presented in audio format only.

@ Cereal advertisements that include the statement “when part of a nutritionally balanced breakfast” are trying to suggest that

A. the cereal is a desirable part of a healthful, balanced breakfast

B. the cereal contains equal amounts of all nutrients

C. cereal is a healthier breakfast than other foods are

D. the cereal is the most nutritious part of the breakfast meal

解題方式：

1.句子判定：看到了 for examplen辦定為論據，往前看

2.關鍵詞：for examplen既表示論據，也表示支持

3.主幹：Advertisers sometimes offset or counterbalance an exaggerated claim，會去平衡誇張的廣告，所以表示讓廣告的內容沒那麼誇張，但沒說內容是什麼，這時候就要看他舉理舉什麼內容了，看到跟health benefit有關，所以選擇(A)，他們對應點如下

Advertisers sometimes offset or counterbalance an exaggerated claim with a disclaimer—a qualification or condition on the claim.
For example, the claim that breakfast cereal has a health benefit may be accompanied by the disclaimer "when part of a nutritionally balanced breakfast "
因為這兩裡面兩個因素都有，兩兩相對，這裡不在Advertisers sometimes offset or counterbalance...往前找內容的原因是，整句話沒有用代名詞，所以可以知道Advertisers sometimes....前後的內容是兩回事，文章結構上是分割的

As these experiments show, begging apparently provides a signal of need that parents use to make judgments about which offspring can benefit most from a feeding. But the question arises, why don't nestlings beg loudly when they aren't all that hungry? By doing so, they could possibly secure more food, which should result in more rapid growth or larger size, either of which is advantageous. The answer lies apparently not in the increased energy costs of exaggerated begging—such energy costs are small relative to the potential gain in calories—but rather in the damage that any successful cheater would do to its siblings, which share genes with one another. An individual's success in propagating his or her genes can be affected by more than just his or her own personal reproductive success. Because close relatives have many of the same genes, animals that harm their close relatives may in effect be destroying some of their own genes. Therefore, a begging nestling that secures food at the expense of its siblings might actually leave behind fewer copies of its genes overall than it might otherwise.

@ In paragraph 6, the author compares the energy costs of vigorous begging with the potential gain in calories from such begging in order to

A. explain why begging for food vigorously can lead to faster growth and increased size

B. explain how begging vigorously can increase an individual’s chance of propagating its own genes

C. point out a weakness in a possible explanation for why nestlings do not always beg vigorously

D. argue that the benefits of vigorous begging outweigh any possible disadvantages

解題方式：

1.句子判定：不用判斷了，題目沒有完全跟文章對應，只有講比較，所以問的是為什麼有比較，這屬於因果分系，所以自動轉為細節題解題模式

細節題解題方式

1.定位詞：energy costs of vigorous begging，題目compares，文章中黃色部分有 relative

2.邏輯詞：—such energy costs are small relative to the potential gain in calories—，當中的破折號就是邏輯關鍵詞，這表示他跟前面的關係是說明及補充，可視為因果關係

3.正負詞：The answer lies apparently not...白話點就是不相關，那就是負評了，那如果是考試的話就可以直接看(C)weakness，其他的都是正面評價，所以點擊(C)直接再點next

4.主幹：但是如果不放心的話再來找主幹，The answer lies apparently not in the increased energy costs of exaggerated begging，當中answer→a possible explanation，exaggerated begging→beg vigorously

以上是準備考試總結筆記，小小心得希望有幫助到托福考友，加油!!