熱血背包客莊ㄟ

不講廢話直接進入主題

修辭目的題有三大類：

1.單句的意義-(佔80%)

修辭目的題ID：

The author discuss X in order to ...?

Why does the author metion X....?

The author used X as an example of ....?

主要題目就是這句話出現在文章中是要衝三小

所以結構上就會出現兩種情形，第一：被問到的這個東西跟答案是論點論據關係，第二兩者是因果關係

解題方式於下文展開

2.句子和段落的關係-(15%)

修辭目的題ID：

what is the purpose of paragraph X ?

例如：In paragraph 1, the author's primary purpose ?

選項：describe how Andean toad Bufo spinulosus is found

問段落主要的目的是要傳達什麼性念，所以換句話說就是在問主旨再沖煞小，所以最好鎖定段落的首句或二句，因為這裡又有一個學術文章的規則了，每段開頭都是主題句，然後再慢慢帶入概念拉~~例子拉，想知道更多有關文章發展規則點擊：

TOEFL【Independent Writing】搞定托福獨立寫作的戰略分析

在此就不多贅述了

3.段落和段落的關係-(5%)

ID：

how is the paragraph X related to other parts of the passage ?

問的就是問和其他段落的關係是什麼或者是對於整個文章中他辦野的角色是，因此做題就是注意段落和段落的銜接，也就是以下假設問你以下兩段再說明什麼，他就請讀黃框部分即可，概念就是凡看到這類題目就是題目問全文就是每一段的首句+末句給他讀完看選項，如果只是指定每兩段就讀這兩段的首句+末句

一段：.Earth's internal heat, fueled by radioactivity, provides the energy for plate tectonics and continental drift, mountain building, and earthquakes. It can also be harnessed to drive electric generators and heat homes. Geothermal energy becomes available in a practical form when underground heat is transferred by water that is heated as it passes through a subsurface region of hot rocks (a heat reservoir) that may be hundreds or thousands of feet deep. The water is usually naturally occurring groundwater that seeps down along fractures in the rock; less typically, the water is artificially introduced by being pumped down from the surface. The water is brought to the surface, as a liquid or steam, through holes drilled for the purpose.

二段：By far the most abundant form of geothermal energy occurs at the relatively low temperatures of 80° to 180° centigrade. Water circulated through heat reservoirs in this temperature range is able to extract enough heat to warm residential, commercial, and industrial spaces. More than 20,000 apartments in France are now heated by warm underground water drawn from a heat reservoir in a geologic structure near Paris called the Paris Basin. Iceland sits on a volcanic structure known as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Reykjavik, the capital of Iceland, is entirely heated by geothermal energy derived from volcanic heat.

例如：which of the following best describes the relationship between paragraph 1 and paragraph 2 ?

選項：paragraph 1 poses phenomenon which can be used, and paragraph 2 offer the possible application

接下來就重點專注在題型一身上，因其他出題機率低，而且其問題方式跟最後的文章小節題重疊，所以在此就跳過了

修辭目的題解題方式：

1.被反白的句子：先判斷這個是論點還是論據，是因還是果

PS:因為這牽涉到英文學術文章的慣用章法，特別是這類語言考試絕不會違背此規則，文章表示是先因後果，先論點後論據，先概念再細節，所以由這個規則可以幫助解題時要找反白的前面，或是反白句的後面

2.方向關鍵詞：能夠用來表示立場的『正』或『負 』

3.找主幹：不會被改寫的專業術語或內容

答案的ID：也必定滿足 方向關鍵詞+論句+論點 的結構。例如： To indicate that supposed proof for the theory has an alternative explanation.

indicate(方向關鍵詞) ，supposed proof(論據)，an alternative explanation(論點)

如何判斷論點論據：

論點就是每人的觀點，所以會伴隨著很多主觀的意見，尤其是形容詞!!!

那論點就比較簡單了，凡是看到人，地，物，等等可以看到也知道這東西在哪裡的，摸得到的聞得到的名詞!!!!，例如說人名，地名，數字，年分，大寫專有名詞，...

那我們再舉個例子吧：

iphone X 很牛阿~~~，形容他很厲害，很酷炫是自己的用戶體驗吧，搞不好別人覺得三星較優阿，所以這類句子可以拿出來被反駁或支持的就事論點拉

iphone X是支手機，並且螢幕是不規則設計的，是事實吧，而且iphone X名詞，手機名詞，螢幕名詞，夠具體了吧

何謂表示正負的方向關鍵詞：定位所在的句子附近如果出現以下，必須納入選項考量去判斷選項的正負邏輯，講白話一點文章是支持觀點，選項也要出現支持的論據

正面：emphasize / illustrate / introduce / promote / for example / evidence / indicate / suggest / reveal / show......

負面：argue against / question / distinguish / contrast / contradict / refute / disagree / cast doubts ........

主幹怎麼找：

假設不太知道怎麼抓主幹，那其實最快的方法就是去抓一個句子的主詞和受詞，把所有的修飾語都去掉，例如：

In some cases, the physical division within the first cities reflected the strict hierarchical character of the society as a whole, with a royal palace surrounded by an imposing wall and separate from the remainder of the urban population.

文法分析可以知道真正的主要名詞前方是乾淨的(除了表示數量的東西A,variety of , a lot of)，所以一切明詞前方有個介系詞接著，那表示血統不純，這個名詞被介系詞抓去當形容詞用了，好的那第一步先刪掉 prep+N的結構

In some cases, the physical division within the first cities reflected the strict hierarchical character of the society as a whole, with a royal palace surrounded by an imposing wall and separate from the remainder of the urban population.

好的可以很明顯的看到我的主詞(S)出來了the physical division，動詞出來了reflected，受詞也有了the strict hierarchical character

那這樣其實主幹就有囉!!以下介紹個實例操作

All these diverse constituents are aggregated together to form chondritic meteorites, like Allende, that have chemical compositions much like that of the Sun. To compare the compositions of a meteorite and the Sun, it is necessary that we use ratios of elements rather than simply the abundances of atoms. After all, the Sun has many more atoms of any element, say iron, than does a meteorite specimen but the ratios of iron to silicon in the two kinds of matter might be comparable. The compositional similarity is striking. The major difference is that Allende is depleted in the most volatile elements, like hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and the noble gases, relative to the Sun. These are the elements that tend to form gases even at very low temperatures. We might think of chondrites as samples of distilled Sun, a sort of solar sludge from which only gases have been removed. Since practically all the solar system's mass resides in the Sun, this similarity in chemistry means that chondrites have average solar system composition, except for the most volatile elements; they are truly lumps of nebular matter, probably similar in composition to the matter from which planets were assembled.

In paragraph 6, why does the author mention that "the Sun has many more atoms of any element, say iron, than does a meteorite specimen"?

A. To show how difficult it is to compare the composition of a meteorite with that of the Sun

B. To explain why a comparison of the compositions of a meteorite and of the Sun has to be done in terms of ratios of elements

C. To identify the most common element in both the Sun and meteorite specimens

D. To emphasize how much largerthe Sun is than any meteorite specimen is

解題方式：

1.判斷屬性：由sun, iron specimen，實體名詞，此句為論據，所以往上一句找答案

2.關鍵詞：it is necessary表示支持，所以選項當中如果出現否定的邏輯詞其實可以先刪除了，因此(A)difficult先再見

3.主幹：ratios ...所以選(B)

PS：如何抓本題主幹，第一步先把介係詞+N的結構先幹掉，it is necessary that we use ratios of elements rather than simply the abundances of atoms.

rather than雖可當連接詞，但是前方只是對比名詞而已，所以當介系詞處理 

第二部把關代幹掉，包括省略關代後動詞被動手腳的形式 Ving / Vpp，，it is necessary that we use ratios 接下來剩下翻譯一下：是比例不是量大，rather than 只是補充而已

好的有興趣了解更多解題例子操作可參考：

托福【閱讀】解題技巧-修辭目的題解題心得(1)

托福【閱讀】解題技巧-修辭目的題解題心得(2)

托福【閱讀】解題技巧-修辭目的題解題心得(3)

修辭目的題流程圖：

ETS就是她媽的一坨屎，當然要靠招是去幹掉他，不然直接對幹，光是一坨一坨的文章一直丟過來人都暈了，以上是準備考試總結筆記，小小心得希望有幫助到托福考友，加油!!