托福【閱讀】解題技巧-修辭目的題解題心得(2)－熱血背包客莊ㄟ

以下簡單從托福X站，隨機挑出難度係數最高的進行解題說明，本來都習慣用考X分的，結果他媽的現在改版跟ETS(一坨屎)合作後禁止海外人士使用，不囉嗦利馬開始

想知道詳細的步驟說明可以參考：

托福【閱讀】解題技巧-修辭目的題

Survival and successful reproduction usually require the activities of animals to be coordinated with predictable events around them. Consequently, the timing and rhythms of biological functions must closely match periodic events like the solar day, the tides, the lunar cycle, and the seasons. The relations between animal activity and these periods, particularly for the daily rhythms, have been of such interest and importance that a huge amount of work has been done on them and the special research field of chronobiology has emerged. Normally, the constantly changing levels of an animal's activity—sleeping, feeding, moving, reproducing, metabolizing, and producing enzymes and hormones, for example—are well coordinated with environmental rhythms, but the key question is whether the animal's schedule is driven by external cues, such as sunrise or sunset, or is instead dependent somehow on internal timers that themselves generate the observed biological rhythms. Almost universally, biologists accept the idea that all eukaryotes (a category that includes most organisms except bacteria and certain algae) have internal clocks. By isolating organisms completely from external periodic cues, biologists learned that organisms have internal clocks. For instance, apparently normal daily periods of biological activity were maintained for about a week by the fungus Neurospora when it was intentionally isolated from all geophysical timing cues while orbiting in a space shuttle. The continuation of biological rhythms in an organism without external cues attests to its having an internal clock.

@ In paragraph 1, the experiment on the fungus Neurospora is mentioned to illustrate

A. the existence of weekly periods of activity as well as daily ones

B. the finding of evidence that organisms have internal clocks

C. the effect of space on the internal clocks of organisms

D. the isolation of one part of an organism's cycle for study

解題方法：

1.判斷屬性：FN定位句看到後有 For instance，表示他是具體的論據，所以往前看

2.方向關鍵詞：For instance，既表示論句，也表示正面支持的論據

3.主幹：internal clocks...(B)

One interesting test of the Alvarez hypothesis is based on the presence of the rare-earth element iridium (Ir). Earth’s crust contains very little of this element, but most asteroids contain a lot more. Debris thrown into the atmosphere by an asteroid collision would presumably contain large amounts of iridium, and atmospheric currents would carry this material all over the globe. A search of sedimentary deposits that span the boundary between the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods shows that there is a dramatic increase in the abundance of iridium briefly and precisely at this boundary. This iridium anomaly offers strong support for the Alvarez hypothesis even though no asteroid itself has ever been recovered

@ In stating that "no asteroid itself has ever been recovered", the author emphasizes which of the following?

A. The importance of the indirect evidence for a large asteroid

B. The fact that no evidence supports the asteroid impact hypothesis

C. The reason many researchers reject the Alvarez hypothesis

D. The responsibility of scientists for not making the effort to discover the asteroid itself

解題方法：

1.判斷屬性：asteroid recovered 被看到了，那就是具體的東西才看得到，屬論據，因此往前找論點

2.方向關鍵詞：strong support ，可以先刪除選項了，(B)no，(C)reject，(D)not都是反對立場

3.主幹：Alvarez hypothesis，已經把答案透過刪除法選出就可以趕快按鼠標點擊下一題了，如果要找答案的話，就要知道Alvarez hypothesis講什麼，直接看開頭有出現Alvarez hypothesis的地方One interesting test of the Alvarez hypothesis is based on the presence of the rare-earth element iridium (Ir).，地球很少Ir，說明那個文章拿來跟地球比較對像他的Ir就多。所以找到地球的對應物asteroid，不過基本上這要知道asteroid是小行星的意思才能認出來，所以直接由第二部找出答案之後就別再糾結了。

Economic exchange was clearly very important as the Roman army brought with it very substantial spending power. Locally a fort had two kinds of impact. Its large population needed food and other supplies. Some of these were certainly brought from long distances, but demands were inevitably placed on the local area. Although goods could be requisitioned, they were usually paid for, and this probably stimulated changes in the local economy. When not campaigning, soldiers needed to be occupied; otherwise they represented a potentially dangerous source of friction and disloyalty. Hence a writing tablet dated 25 April tells of 343 men at one fort engaged on tasks like shoemaking, building a bathhouse, operating kilns, digging clay, and working lead Such activities had a major effect on the local area, in particular with the construction of infrastructure such as roads, which improved access to remote areas.

@ The author mentions “343 men at one fort engaged on tasks like shoemaking, building a bathhouse, operating kilns, digging clay, and working lead” in order to

A. describe the kinds of tasks soldiers were required to perform as punishment for disloyalty or misdeeds

B. illustrate some of the duties assigned to soldiers to keep them busy and well-behaved when not involved in military campaigns

C. provide evidence that Roman soldiers had a negative effect on the local area by performing jobs that had been performed by native workers

D. argue that the soldiers would have been better employed in the construction of infrastructure such as roads

解題方法：

1.判斷屬性：這個用膝蓋想也知道是論據，100%名詞轟炸，ETS慣用伎倆，用一段看不懂的名詞搞蒙了之後，再用題目強行殲滅，所以唯一辦法就是判斷屬性即可，往前找論點

2.方向關鍵詞：Hence，表示因果結論，所以邏輯同向，反白句沒看到負面否定字

3.主幹：When not campaigning, soldiers needed to be occupied; otherwise they represented a potentially dangerous source of friction and disloyalty.

其中，分號是補充說明的意思就別看了，然後再用抓主幹的方式，得到 not campaigning，needed to be occupied..(B)

Even less fortunate was the extension of this type of thinking to include animals as well as plants. This resulted in the "biome," a combination of coexisting flora and fauna. Though it is true that many animals are strictly associated with certain plants, it is misleading to speak of a "spruce-moose biome," for example, because there is no internal cohesion to their association as in an organism. The spruce community is not substantially affected by either the presence or absence of moose. Indeed, there are vast areas of spruce forest without moose The opposition to the Clementsian concept of plant ecology was initiated by Herbert Gleason, soon joined by various other ecologists. Their major point was that the distribution of a given species was controlled by the habitat requirements of that species and that therefore the vegetation types were a simple consequence of the ecologies of individual plant species.

@ Why does the author make the statement, “Indeed, there are vast areas of spruce forest without moose” ?

A. To highlight a fact whose significance the ecologist Herbert Gleason had missed

B. To propose the idea that a spruce forest is by itself a superorganism

C. To emphasize that moose are not limited to a single kind of environment

D. To criticize the idea of a spruce-moose biome

解題方法：

1.判斷屬性；論句，有spruce，moose，往前看

2.方向關鍵詞：not substantially affected，反駁語氣，所以選項中是支持語氣的就刪除，(A)highlight 是

正面的，不是工作做不好被highlight的highlight，所以刪除，(B)刪除

3.主幹：spruce community，後面又補充moose的有無，所以更確定是(D)，那(C)就別理他了沒看到limit

Pollen samples from freshwater lakes in Syria and elsewhere tell us forest cover expanded rapidly at the end of the Ice Age, for the southwestern Asian climate was still cooler and considerably wetter than today. Many areas were richer in animal and plant species than they are now, making them highly favorable for human occupation. About 9000 B.C., most human settlements lay in the area along the Mediterranean coast and in the Zagros Mountains of Iran and their foothills. Some local areas, like the Jordan River valley, the middle Euphrates valley, and some Zagros valleys, were more densely populated than elsewhere. Here more sedentary and more complex societies flourished. These people exploited the landscape intensively, foraging on hill slopes for wild cereal grasses and nuts, while hunting gazelle and other game on grassy lowlands and in river valleys. Their settlements contain exotic objects such as seashells, stone bowls, and artifacts made of obsidian (volcanic glass), all traded from afar. This considerable volume of intercommunity exchange brought a degree of social complexity in its wake.