熱血背包客莊ㄟ

題目反白的文章內容在寫什麼其實不用多看，不然就中圈套了，修辭目的考察的是這個被標記的東西跑出來是幹嗎的，所以只要判定是因還是果，是論點還是論據，是抽象還是具體這樣就夠了，不需要展開內容，就好像收到禮物不要打開包裝一樣，判定完趕快找連接論點和論據之間的關係是什麼關係，是正面支持還是反面打槍，最後再分析目標句主幹即可

 以下簡單從托福X站，隨機挑出難度係數最高的進行解題說明，本來都習慣用考X分的，結果他媽的現在改版跟ETS(一坨屎)合作後禁止海外人士使用，不囉嗦利馬開始

想知道詳細的步驟說明可以參考：

托福【閱讀】解題技巧-修辭目的題

Residence times vary enormously. They range from a few days for small lakes up to several hundred years for large ones; Lake Tahoe, in California, has a residence time of 700 years. The residence times for the Great Lakes of North America, namely, Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, are, respectively, 190,100,22,2.5, and 6 years. Lake Erie’s is the lowest: although its area is larger than Lake Ontario’ s, its volume is less than one-third as great because it is so shallow-less than 20 meters on average.

@Why does the author discuss the Great Lakes in paragraph 5?

A. To demonstrate the extent to which residence times vary from lake to lake

B. To illustrate how residence times are calculated for specific lakes

C. To argue that the residence time of a lake increases with area

D. To emphasize that Lake Tahoe' s residence time is unusually long

解題方式：

1.判斷屬性：GL，這句裡面一堆地名和時間，所以論據，再往前一句看LT,CA,700又是具體的東西，所以再往前

2.關鍵詞： enormously，表正向

3.主幹：Residence times vary ....(A)

The great height of Martian volcanoes is a direct consequence of the planet’s low surface gravity. As lava flows and spreads to form a shield volcano, the volcano’s eventual height depends on the new mountain’s ability to support its own weight. The lower the gravity, the lesser the weight and the greater the height of the mountain. It is no accident that Maxwell Mons on Venus and the Hawaiian shield volcanoes on Earth rise to about the same height (about 10 kilometers) above their respective bases-Earth and Venus have similar surface gravity. Mars’s surface gravity is only 40 percent that of Earth, so volcanoes rise roughly 2.5 times as high. Are the Martian shield volcanoes still active? Scientists have no direct evidence for recent or ongoing eruptions, but if these volcanoes were active as recently as 100 million years ago (an estimate of the time of last eruption based on the extent of impact cratering on their slopes), some of them may still be at least intermittently active. Millions of years, though, may pass between eruptions.

@ In paragraph 3, why does the author compare Maxwell Mons on Venus to the Hawaiian shield volcanoes on Earth?

A. To help explain the relationship between surface gravity and volcano height

B. To explain why Mars’s surface gravity is only 40 percent of Earth’s

C. To point out differences between the surface gravity of Earth and the surface gravity of Venus

D. To argue that there are more similarities than differences between volcanoes on different planets

解題方式：

1.判斷屬性：有MM,Venus, Hawaiian, volcanoes鐵定論據，往前一句看

2.關鍵詞：no accident正面，沒意外

3.主幹：g↓，W↓，H↑，the more...,the more... 友表示關係的意思，他其實是省略句，還原會是 If the gravity is lower, the weight will be lesser，選(A)

補充：B. To explain why Mars’s surface gravity is only 40 percent of Earth’s ，再論句後面違反先論點再論據的線性思維原則。

C. To point out differences between the surface gravity of Earth and the surface gravity of Venus 對應文章their respective bases-Earth and Venus have similar surface gravity.八竿子打不著邊

D. To argue that there are more similarities than differences between volcanoes on different planets 第一沒有比較，第二主幹再講，g↓，W↓，H↑

As impressive as the quality of Roman pottery is its sheer massive quantity. When considering quantities, we would ideally like to have some estimates for overall production from particular sites of pottery manufacture and for overall consumption at specific settlements. Unfortunately, it is in the nature of the archaeological evidence, which is almost invariable only a sample of what once existed, that such figures will always be elusive. However, no one who has ever worked in the field would question the abundance of Roman pottery, particularly in the Mediterranean region. This abundance is notable in Roman settlements (especially urban sites) where the labor that archaeologists have to put into the washing and sorting of potsherds (fragments of pottery) constitutes a high proportion of the total work during the initial phases of excavation.
@The author mentions the work of archaeologists in paragraph 3 in order to

A. support the idea that pottery was produced in large quantities by the Romans

B. illustrate how hard it is for archaeologists to find complete pieces of Roman pottery

C. contrast archaeological sites in Roman urban areas with other sites in the Mediterranean

D. explain why the quantities of pottery found vary significantly from one site to another

解題方式：

1.判斷屬性：看到Roman ，archaeologists，potsherds，沒意外就事論句囉，往前看

2.關鍵詞：no one...question，表示支持的，看選項如果有負面評價的先刪掉，(B)，(C)再見

3.主幹：However, no one who has ever worked in the field would question the abundance of Roman pottery, particularly in the Mediterranean region.

• 第一步：刪去prep+N結構However, no one who has ever worked in the field would question the abundance of Roman pottery, particularly in the Mediterranean region.
• 第二部：刪除關西代名詞However, no one who has ever worked would question the abundance，所以主幹剩下abundance，對應(A)large quantities

Occasionally , a sequence of fossil-rich layers of rock permits a comprehensive look at one type of organism over a long period of time. For example, Peter Sheldon' s studies of trilobites, a now extinct marine animal with a segmented body, offer a detailed glimpse into three million years of evolution in one marine environment. In that study, each of eight different trilobite species was observed to undergo a gradual change in the number of segments --- typically an increase of one or two segments over the whole time interval. No significant discontinuous were observed, leading Sheldon to conclude that environmental conditions were quite stable during the period he examined.

@ The main purpose of paragraph 7 is to

A. Describe one test of the competing theories

B. Provide an example of punctuated equilibrium

C. Describe how segmented animals evidence both competing theories

D. Explain why trilobites became extinct

解題方式：

看到這種球段落大意的就是問主旨句是什麼

3.主幹：開頭句sequence，comprehensive look ，尾句No significant discontinuous，environmental conditions，stable

A. Describe one test of the competing theories

B. Provide an example of punctuated equilibrium(打斷的平衡，跟反白主幹相反)

C. Describe how segmented animals evidence both competing theories(反白講environmental跟segmented animals衝突)

D. Explain why trilobites became extinct(反白講stable，這裡講消失這就太矛盾了)

選(A)，雖然A的one test 實在令人懷疑，剛開始看的時候並沒有把For example對應到test，因為沒看中間內容，而且也沒看上一段，不過其他已經被排除掉了，答案就只能是他。真的沒必要整個段落讀完，考試絕對會慌還很耗時間，這題屬特例(段落與段落關係)，托福已經很少考這種修辭目的題了，因為他跟文章小節題的出題題目意義相疊

以上是準備考試總結筆記，小小心得希望有幫助到托福考友，加油!!