熱血背包客莊ㄟ

 細節題其實就是題目的選項經過適當的改寫後當中其中一個選項是可以完全對應到文章中的某句話，本篇探討的是如何在不用翻譯解釋題目及選項，看不懂文章，也看不懂選項的情況下，完全靠公式分析答案，以下簡單從托福X站，隨機挑出難度係數最高的進行解題說明，本來都習慣用考X分的，結果他媽的現在改版跟ETS(一坨屎)合作後禁止海外人士使用，不囉嗦利馬開始

想知道詳細的步驟說明可以參考：托福【閱讀】解題技巧-細節題

Species succession in plant communities, i.e., the temporal sequence of appearance and disappearance of species is dependent on events occurring at different stages in the life history of a species. Variation in rates of invasion and growth plays an important role in determining patterns of succession, especially secondary succession. The species that are first to colonize a site are those that produce abundant seed that is distributed successfully to new sites. Such species generally grow rapidly and quickly dominate new sites, excluding other species with lower invasion and growth rates. The first community that occupies a disturbed area therefore may be composed of specie with the highest rate of invasion, whereas the community of the subsequent stage may consist or plants with similar survival rates but lower invasion rates. 

@According to paragraph 5, which of the following determines the sequence in which plant species will colonize a site?

A. The extent of growth of a species on a prior site before it begins to colonize a secondary site

B. The differences in invasion and growth rates across species

C. The degree of fertility of a site

D. The kind of disturbance that the site has undergone

解題方式

1.定位詞：colonize a site

2.邏輯詞：題目是determines，文章中determining

3.正負詞：無

4.主幹：題目中邏輯詞determines有因果導致的關係，假設原本定位詞所在的定位句(黃光區)沒有辦法找到類似的因果導致的邏輯詞去對應就要往上一句話看，rates of invasion and growth就是主幹了，選(B)

PS：黃光區開頭The species就好像是禮物一樣，有the表示要拆開包裝才看得到禮物長怎樣，有些代名詞出現的題目要特別注意它的上一句

The appearance of these sedentary societies had a major impact on the social organizations, religious beliefs, and way of life of the peoples living within their boundaries. With the increase in population and the development of centralized authority came the emergence of the cities. While some of these urban centers were identified with a particular economic function, such as proximity to gold or iron deposits or a strategic location on a major trade route, others served primarily as administrative centers or the site of temples for the official cult or other ritual observances. Within these cities, new forms of livelihood appeared to satisfy the growing need for social services and consumer goods. Some people became artisans or merchants, while others became warriors, scholars, or priests. In some cases, the physical division within the first cities reflected the strict hierarchical character of the society as a whole, with a royal palace surrounded by an imposing wall and separate from the remainder of the urban population. In other instances, such as the Indus River Valley, the cities lacked a royal precinct and the ostentatious palaces that marked their contemporaries elsewhere.

@According to paragraph 5, why were huge walls built around early royal palaces?

A. To protect the inhabitants from invaders

B. To mark the urban areas

C. To separate the ruling class from the rest of the population

D. To represent the prosperity of a city

解題方式

1.定位詞：huge walls

2.邏輯詞：題目why，文章by

3.正負詞：無

4.主幹：the physical division，表現一個分的概念，(C)

PS：假設不太知道怎麼抓主幹，那其實最快的方法就是去抓一個句子的主詞和受詞，把所有的修飾語都去掉，例如：由本題的定位句來解釋好了

In some cases, the physical division within the first cities reflected the strict hierarchical character of the society as a whole, with a royal palace surrounded by an imposing wall and separate from the remainder of the urban population.

文法分析可以知道，真正的主要名詞前方是乾淨的(除了表示數量的東西A, mnay, a lot of)，所以一切名詞前方有個介系詞接著，那表示血統不純，這個名詞被介系詞抓去當形容詞用了，好的那第一步先刪掉 prep+N的結構

In some cases, the physical division within the first cities reflected the strict hierarchical character of the society as a whole, with a royal palace surrounded by an imposing wall and separate from the remainder of the urban population.

好的可以很明顯的看到我的主詞(S)出來了the physical division，動詞出來了reflected，受詞也有了the strict hierarchical character

那這樣其實主幹就有囉!!

The first steps toward change were taken by Solon in 594 B.C., when he broke the aristocracy's stranglehold on elected offices by establishing wealth rather than birth as the basis of office holding, abolishing the economic obligations of ordinary Athenians to the aristocracy, and allowing the assembly (of which all citizens were equal members) to overrule the decisions of local courts in certain cases. The strength of the Athenian aristocracy was further weakened during the rest of the century by the rise of a type of government known as a tyranny, which is a form of interim rule by a popular strongman (not rule by a ruthless dictator as the modern use of the term suggests to us). The Peisistratids, as the succession of tyrants were called (after the founder of the dynasty, Peisistratos), strengthened Athenian central administration at the expense of the aristocracy by appointing judges throughout the region, producing Athens’ first national coinage, and adding and embellishing festivals that tended to focus attention on Athens rather than on local villages of the surrounding region. By the end of the century, the time was ripe for more change: the tyrants were driven out, and in 508 B.C. a new reformer, Cleisthenes, gave final form to the developments reducing aristocratic control already under way.

@ According to paragraph 3, an important effect of making wealth the basis of office holding was to

A. make fewer people qualified to be members of the assembly

B. make it possible for non-aristocrats to hold office

C. help the aristocrats maintain power

D. Increase economic opportunities for all Athenian citizens

解題方式

1.定位詞：making wealth

2.邏輯詞：題目effect，文章by

3.正負詞：無

4.主幹：broke the aristocracy，選(B)

Productivity seems to be involved instead, though perhaps its influence is indirect. Where conditions are most suitable for plant growth - that is, where temperatures are relatively high and uniform and where there is an ample supply of water - one usually finds large masses of vegetation. This leads to a complex structure in the layers of plant material In a tropical rain forest, for example, a very large quantity of plant material builds up above the surface of the ground. There is also a large mass of material, developed below ground as root tissues, but this is less apparent. Careful analysis of the above ground material reveals that it is arranged in a series of layers, the precise number of layers varying with age and the nature of the forest. The arrangement of the biological mass ("biomass") of the vegetation into layered forms is termed its “structure” (as opposed to its “composition”, which refers to the species of organisms forming the community). Structure is essentially the architecture of vegetation, and as in the case of tropical forests, it can be extremely complicated. In a mature floodplain tropical forest in the Amazon River basin, the canopy (the uppermost layers of a forest, formed by the crowns of trees) takes on a stratified structure. There are three clear peaks in leaf cover at heights of approximately 3, 6, and 30 meters above the ground; and the very highest layer, at 50 meters, corresponds to the very tall trees that stand free of the main canopy and form an open layer of their own. So, such a forest contains essentially four layers of canopy. Forests in temperate lands often have just two canopy layers, so they have much less complex architecture.
@According to paragraph 3, which of the following statements best describes the difference between structure and composition?

A. “Structure” refers to the arrangement of plant material above the ground surface; “composition” refers to the arrangement of root tissues below the surface of the ground.

B. “Structure” refers to the age of the forest; “composition” refers to the forest's nature.

C. “Structure” refers to the arrangement of plant species in an area; “composition” refers to which plant species are present in the area.

D. “Structure” refers to the shape of the forest canopy; “composition” refers to the number of crowns forming the canopy.

解題方式

1.定位詞：structure and composition

2.邏輯詞：題目difference，as opposed to

3.正負詞：無

4.主幹：structure=arrangement,composition=specious，選(C)

Living organisms play an essential role in soil formation. The numerous plants and animals living in the soil release minerals from the parent material from which soil is formed, supply organic matter, aid in the translocation (movement) and aeration of the soil, and help protect the soil from erosion. The types of organisms growing or living in the soil greatly influence the soil's physical and chemical characteristics.In fact, for mature soils in many parts of the world, the predominant type of natural vegetation is considered the most important direct influence on soil characteristics. For this reason, a soil scientist can tell a great deal about the attributes of the soil in any given area simply form knowing what kind of flora the soil supports. Thus prairies and tundra regions, which have characteristic vegetations, also have characteristic soils.

@ According to paragraph 1, which of the following factors is the most important in determining the characteristics of a mature soil?

A. The kinds of minerals in the parent material.

B. The extent of erosion in the surrounding area.

C. The amount of air that circulates through the soil.

D. The kind of vegetation associated with the soil.

解題方式

1.定位詞：characteristics of a mature soil

2.邏輯詞：題目factors，文章influence

3.正負詞：無

4.主幹：types of organisms，對應(D)

In 1841 Edward Forbes was offered the chance to serve as naturalist aboard HMS Beacon, an English Royal Navy ship assigned to survey the Aegean Sea. For a year and a half the Beacon crisscrossed the Aegean waters. During that time Forbes was able to drag this small, triangular dregdge - a tool with a leather net for capturing creatures along the sea bottom - at a hundred locations, at depths ranging from 6 to 1380 feet. He collected hundreds of different species of animals, and he saw that they were distributed in eight different depth zones, each containing its own distinct assemblage of animal life, the way zones of elevation on the side of a mountain are populated by distinct sets of plants.

@ According to paragraph 1, why was the HMS Beacon in the Aegean Sea?

A. To capture creatures along the sea bottom.

B. To provide Forbes with transportation back and forth across the Aegean.

C. To test the effectiveness of a new type of dredge.

D. To carry out a survey of the Aegean Sea.

解題方式

1.定位詞：HMS Beacon

2.邏輯詞：題目why，文章, an English Royal Navy ship assigned to survey the Aegean Sea.這是同位語，做補充和說明答案在其中，因為她帶出前方先行詞進一步的小細節

3.正負詞：無

4.主幹：assigned to survey，(D)

PS：本提邏輯詞沒辦法直接對應，要用文法判斷可能比較方便快速

難以理解可以用結構法去解題，During that time時間可以視為兩個結構區塊

In 1841 Edward Forbes was offered the chance to serve as naturalist aboard HMS Beacon, an English Royal Navy ship assigned to survey the Aegean Sea. For a year and a half the Beacon crisscrossed the Aegean waters. During that time Forbes was able to drag this small, triangular dregdge - a tool with a leather net for capturing creatures along the sea bottom - at a hundred locations, at depths ranging from 6 to 1380 feet. He collected hundreds of different species of animals, and he saw that they were distributed in eight different depth zones, each containing its own distinct assemblage of animal life, the way zones of elevation on the side of a mountain are populated by distinct sets of plants.

@ According to paragraph 1, why was the HMS Beacon in the Aegean Sea?

第一步也是先找定位詞在咖啡區

A. To capture creatures along the sea bottom.(黑區)

B. To provide Forbes with transportation back and forth across the Aegean.(Forbes和Aegean兩個東西誇區了，這是細節題大忌，標準錯誤答案)

C. To test the effectiveness of a new type of dredge.(黑區)

D. To carry out a survey of the Aegean Sea.(咖啡區)

Unfortunately, most of Anaximander's written history of the universe was lost, and only a few fragments survive today. Little is known about his other ideas. Unfortunately, too, most of the written work for Anaximenes, who may have been Anaximander's pupil, has also been lost. All we can say for certain about Anaximenes, who was probably born around 560 BCE, is that following in the tradition of Anaximander, he also disagreed with his mentor. The world, according to Anaximenes, was not composed of either water or apeiron, but air itself was the fundamental element of the universe.Compressed, it became water and earth, and when rarefied or thinned out, it heated up to become fire.Anaximenes may have also been the first to study rainbows and speculate upon their natural rather than supernatural cause.
@ According to paragraph 4, Anaximenes believed that

A.  when water was heated up, it became apeiron.

B. Earth was made of compressed air.

C. the heat from a fire caused the air to become thinner.

D. Rainbows had both natural and supernatural causes.

解題方式

1.定位詞：Anaximenes believed(不能指定為A，會找不到定位句)

2.邏輯詞：題目believed，文章accroding to Anaximenes

3.正負詞：無

4.主幹：air(not...but...，看but後面的東西，前面的被打槍就不要看了)選(B)

The ways in which new technology transformed architectural design are dramatically illustrated through the evolution of the high-rise office building. After ten or twelve stories, masonry construction reaches a maximum possible height, since it runs into difficulties of compression and of inadequate lateral strength to combat wind shear. Steel construction, on the other hand, can support a building of 50 or 100 stories without difficulty. Such buildings were so different from any previous form of architecture that they quickly acquired a new name—the skyscraper.

@ According to paragraph 3, which of the following is true of steel-frame buildings?

A. They cannot be more than 50 stories high.

B. They cannot successfully combat wind shear.

C. They have greater lateral strength than masonry buildings.

D. They are usually skyscrapers.

解題方式

題目看到true我會直接用選項回去對應是否正確，先做個選項筆記，但是如果懶得把文章看完的話可以往轉折，強調這類關鍵字去追答案，但是還是不推薦的百密總有一疏

(A) S<50→can support a building of 50 or 100 stories without difficulty.

(B) X wind→since it runs into difficulties of compression and of inadequate lateral strength to combat wind shear

(C) 大lateral strength→since it runs into difficulties of compression and of inadequate lateral strength to combat wind shear

(D) usu=SK→這題是考數學集合概念，假設您看到一般透天別墅和工廠鐵皮屋也在用剛骨結構的話，就可以理解了

以上是準備考試總結筆記，小小心得希望有幫助到托福考友，加油!!