托福【閱讀】解題技巧-細節題解題心得(2) @ 熱血背包客莊ㄟ

細節題其實就是題目的選項經過適當的改寫後當中其中一個選項是可以完全對應到文章中的某句話，本篇探討的是如何在不用翻譯解釋題目及選項，看不懂文章，也看不懂選項的情況下，完全靠公式分析答案，以下簡單從托福X站，隨機挑出難度係數最高的進行解題說明，本來都習慣用考X分的，結果他媽的現在改版跟ETS(一坨屎)合作後禁止海外人士使用，不囉嗦利馬開始

想知道詳細的步驟說明可以參考：托福【閱讀】解題技巧-細節題

All these diverse constituents are aggregated together to form chondritic meteorites, like Allende, that have chemical compositions much like that of the Sun. To compare the compositions of a meteorite and the Sun, it is necessary that we use ratios of elements rather than simply the abundances of atoms. After all, the Sun has many more atoms of any element, say iron, than does a meteorite specimen, but the ratios of iron to silicon in the two kinds of matter might be comparable. The compositional similarity is striking. The major difference is that Allende is depleted in the most volatile elements, like hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and the noble gases, relative to the Sun. These are the elements that tend to form gases even at very low temperatures. We might think of chondrites as samples of distilled Sun, a sort of solar sludge from which only gases have been removed. Since practically all the solar system's mass resides in the Sun, this similarity in chemistry means that chondrites have average solar system composition, except for the most volatile elements; they are truly lumps of nebular matter, probably similar in composition to the matter from which planets were assembled.

◎According to paragraph 6, what is the significance of the similarity in composition between chondrites and the Sun?

A. It indicates what the matter from which planets were formed was probably like.

B. It may explain howthe Sun originally developed.

C. It helps scientists estimate the variations in the chemical composition of different meteors.

D. It suggests that most meteorites may contain large quantities of volatile elements.

解題方式

1.定位詞：similarity，chondrites and the Sun(怪異專有名詞原則，如果找composition定位你就輸了，會發現一堆)

2.邏輯詞：無

3.正負詞：無

4.主幹：assembled對應(A)like

像這題訂為詞難找，邏輯詞又不明顯，雖然黃光區有個since但是題目又沒問你為什麼所以回答也沒幫助，所以就用結構分割去找答案

All these diverse constituents are aggregated together to form chondritic meteorites, like Allende, that have chemical compositions much like that of the Sun. To compare the compositions of a meteorite and the Sun, it is necessary that we use ratios of elements rather than simply the abundances of atoms. After all, the Sun has many more atoms of any element, say iron, than does a meteorite specimen, but the ratios of iron to silicon in the two kinds of matter might be comparable. The compositional similarity is striking. The major difference is that Allende is depleted in the most volatile elements, like hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and the noble gases, relative to the Sun. These are the elements that tend to form gases even at very low temperatures. We might think of chondrites as samples of distilled Sun, a sort of solar sludge from which only gases have been removed. Since practically all the solar system's mass resides in the Sun, this similarity in chemistry means that chondrites have average solar system composition, except for the most volatile elements; they are truly lumps of nebular matter, probably similar in composition to the matter from which planets were assembled.

A. It indicates what the matter from which planets were formed was probably like.(在黃光區，然後題目的眾多字也出現在黃光區所以就是答案了，註：分號表示對前面句子所做的補充和解釋，所以要視為一體)

B. It may explain how the Sun originally developed.(黑色區第一句)

C. It helps scientists estimate the variations in the chemical composition of different meteors.(黑色區第二句)

D. It suggests that most meteorites may contain large quantities of volatile elements.(也在黃光區，但是except for出現所以錯)

In the face of all these pushes, people in the Mesa Verde area had yet another reason to move into communal villages: the need for greater cooperation. Sharing and cooperation were almost certainly part of early Puebloan life, even for people living in largely independent single-household residences scattered across the landscape. Archaeologists find that even the most isolated residences during the eleventh and twelfth centuries obtained some pottery, and probably food, from some distance away, while major ceremonial events were opportunities for sharing food and crafts. Scholars believe that this cooperation allowed people to contend with a patchy environment in which precipitation and other resources varied across the landscape: if you produce a lot of food one year, you might trade it for pottery made by a distant ally who is having difficulty with crops—and the next year, the flow of goods might go in the opposite direction. But all of this appears to have changed thirteenth century. Although the climate remained as unpredictable as ever between one year and the next, it became much less locally diverse. In a bad year for farming, everyone was equally affected.No longer was it helpful to share widely. Instead, the most sensible thing would be for neighbors to combine efforts to produce as much food as possible, and thus aggregated towns were a sensible arrangement.

◎According to paragraph 5, which of the following was a reason people in the Mesa Verde area formed communal villages in the thirteenth century?

A. The climate in the Mesa Verde area became more locally diverse.

B. Individuals were no longer interested in exchanging pottery and food.

C. Cooperation between people became more important for survival.

D. Bad years of farming began to occur more frequently.

解題方式

1.定位詞：Mesa Verde

2.邏輯詞：題目reason

3.正負詞：無

4.主幹：the need for greater cooperation對應(C)

In the face of all these pushes, people in the Mesa Verde area had yet another reason to move into communal villages: the need for greater cooperation. Sharing and cooperation were almost certainly part of early Puebloan life, even for people living in largely independent single-household residences scattered across the landscape. Archaeologists find that even the most isolated residences during the eleventh and twelfth centuries obtained some pottery, and probably food, from some distance away, while major ceremonial events were opportunities for sharing food and crafts. Scholars believe that this cooperation allowed people to contend with a patchy environment in which precipitation and other resources varied across the landscape: if you produce a lot of food one year, you might trade it for pottery made by a distant ally who is having difficulty with crops—and the next year, the flow of goods might go in the opposite direction. But all of this appears to have changed thirteenth century. Although the climate remained as unpredictable as ever between one year and the next, it became much less locally diverse. In a bad year for farming, everyone was equally affected.No longer was it helpful to share widely. Instead, the most sensible thing would be for neighbors to combine efforts to produce as much food as possible, and thus aggregated towns were a sensible arrangement.

◎Paragraph 5 supports which of the following statements about cooperation among the people in the Mesa Verde area from the eleventh through the thirteenth century?

A. Cooperation allowed many households to give up farming and to specialize in making pottery and crafts.

B. People went from exchanging food and crafts they individually produced to sharing in a cooperative effort to produce as much food as possible.

C. Overtime there was less cooperation as farmers competed with each other for trade with distant areas.

D. Individuals stopped cooperating with each other because they did not have enough food for themselves.

解題方式

1.定位詞：eleventh through the thirteenth century

2.邏輯詞：題目supports(判斷邏輯詞)，這字出現表示表示有個論點被支持，那這樣就是在文章中找某人相信怎樣阿，或是專家認為之類的字眼

3.正負詞：無

4.主幹：share food, distance對應(B)

PS：這題不太像是細節題，反而比較像修辭目的題，這題就是標準的論點論據考題，Archaeologists find，發現是既定事實，所以是論據，那根據學術文章的筆法，論點會再前一句出現，前面已點出分享和合作是生活的一部分，所以由此也可推出(B)

The oceanic volcanic islands and their hot-spot trails are thus especially useful for geologist because they record the past locations of the plate over a fixed source. They therefore permit the reconstruction of the process of seafloor spreading, and consequently of the geography of continents and of ocean basins in the past. For example, given the current position of the Pacific Plate, Hawaii is above the Pacific Ocean hot spot. So the position of The Pacific Plate 50 million years ago can be determined by moving it such that a 50-million-year-oil volcano in the hot-spot trail sits at the location of Hawaii today. However because the ocean basins really are short-lived features on geologic times scale, reconstruction the world’s geography by backtracking along the hot-spot trail works only for the last 5 percent or so of geologic time.

◎According to paragraph 5, volcanic islands help geologists to

A. reconstruct past geography

B. detect changes in mantle plumes

C. measure the rigidity of tectonic plates

D. explain why the seafloor spreads

解題方式

1.定位詞： geologists，這裡定位volcanic islands穩死，因為它就是文章標題

2.邏輯詞：無

3.正負詞：help(取正)

4.主幹：past locations 對應(A)，record →reconstruct

Aquifers, Porosity and Permeability.Groundwater is stored in a variety of rock types. A groundwater reservoir from which water can be extracted is called an aquifer. We can effectively think of an aquifer as a deposit of water. Extraction of water depends on two properties of the aquifer: porosity and permeability. Between sediment grains are spaces that can be filled with water. This pore space is known as porosity and is expressed as a percentage of the total rock volume. Porosity is important for water-storage capacity, but for water to flow through rocks, the pore spaces must be connected. The ability of water, or other fluids, to flow through the interconnected pore spaces in rocks is termed permeability. In the intergranular spaces of rocks, however, fluid must flow around and between grains in a tortuous path; this winding path causes a resistance to flow. The rate at which the flowing water overcomes this resistance is related to the permeability of rock.

◎According to paragraph 2, what does porosity determine?

A. The rate at which the aquifer’s water overcomes resistance to flow

B. The amount of water that the aquifer can hold

C. The likelihood that fractures and joints will occur in the aquifer

D. The depth underground at which the aquifer lies

解題方式

1.定位詞： porosity determine如果單就porosity會等於全文全看

2.邏輯詞：無

3.正負詞：無

4.主幹：This pore space 看到代名詞就要往前看到底是什麼space，然後前面一句有spaces that can be filled with water.所以(B)

假設這裡沒辦法聯想determine 就是 is known as 的話就用法二：結構分析法來執行，

Aquifers, Porosity and Permeability.Groundwater is stored in a variety of rock types. A groundwater reservoir from which water can be extracted is called an aquifer. We can effectively think of an aquifer as a deposit of water. Extraction of water depends on two properties of the aquifer: porosity and permeability. Between sediment grains are spaces that can be filled with water. This pore space is known as porosity and is expressed as a percentage of the total rock volume. Porosity is important for water-storage capacity, but for water to flow through rocks, the pore spaces must be connected. The ability of water, or other fluids, to flow through the interconnected pore spaces in rocks is termed permeability. In the intergranular spaces of rocks, however, fluid must flow around and between grains in a tortuous path; this winding path causes a resistance to flow. The rate at which the flowing water overcomes this resistance is related to the permeability of rock.

因為however 所以文章粗略被分兩區了，題目出現在黑色區，porosity全部出現在黑色區

A. The rate at which the aquifer’s water overcomes resistance to flow(紅色區，於題目區不同地方不予理會直接排除)

B. The amount of water that the aquifer can hold(黑色區)

C. The likelihood that fractures and joints will occur in the aquifer(完全沒看到 likelihood that fractures and joints)

D. The depth underground at which the aquifer lies(也是沒看到 depth underground)

所以這題也是不需要靠腦袋理解，只要眼睛睜大一點就拿分了

The separation of charged particles that forms in a storm cloud has a sandwich-like structure. Concentrations of positively charged particles develop at the top and bottom of the cloud, but the middle region becomes negatively charged. Recent measurements made in the field together with laboratory simulations offer a promising explanation of how this structure of charged particles forms. What happens is that small (millimeter-to centimeter-size) pellets of ice form in the cold upper regions of the cloud. When these ice pellets fall, some of them strike much smaller ice crystals in the center of the cloud. The temperature at the center of the cloud is about -15℃ or lower. At such temperatures, the collision between the ice pellets and the ice crystals causes electrical charges to shift so that the ice pellets acquire a negative charge and the ice crystals become positively charged. Then updraft wind currents carry the light, positively charged ice crystals up to the top of the cloud. The heavier negatively charged ice pellets are left to concentrate in the center. This process explains why the top of the cloud becomes positively charged, while the center becomes negatively charged. The negatively charged region is large: several hundred meters thick and several kilometers in diameter. Below this large, cold, negatively charged region, the cloud is warmer than -15℃, and at these temperatures, collisions between ice crystals and falling ice pellets produce positively charged ice pellets that then populate a small region at the base of the cloud.
◎It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that part of the reason that the top of a storm cloud becomes positively charged is that