細節題ID:

According to paragraph 1, which of the following is ture of           ?

According to paragraph 2, in 20th, it was the function of which of the following to           ?

According to paragraph 3, compared with all other states that use Ogallala water for irrigation Texas          ?

......

細節題解題方式:

1.定位詞:詞彙部分,題目中找到怪異的名詞(第一優先),形容詞或動詞,回去文中找

2.邏輯關鍵詞:句間關係,就是because, although, as, and, however....這類的副詞或是連接詞

3.方向關鍵詞:能夠用來表示立場的『正』或『負 』

4.找主幹:不會被改寫的專業術語或內容

總歸一句話就是細節題一定要注意文章的正負順反


何謂定位詞類型

  • 第一類:具體名詞:人,事,時,地,物,專有名詞,滿足『怪』而且『不可更改』特性
  • 第二類:抽象名詞:感覺,舉動,行為,特質特色
  • 第三類:會讓你去注意到的形容詞、動詞(尤其是緊連名詞的)
  • 但千萬不要去對應文章標題的名詞,因為身為主旨的這個名詞會反覆出現在文章中,有定位等於沒定位

何謂邏輯關係詞:文章跟選項都要注意

1.轉折:前後句子邏輯相反

  • 雖然:although, though.....
  • 但是:but....
  • 事實上:in fact,......
  • 然而:however, while, whereas......

2.對比:前後完全相反如:白天,黑夜

  • 時間對比:until, recently....
  • 一般對比:unlike, on the contrary, different......
  • 優缺點:advantage,disadvantage.........

3.因果:

  • 結果:result, conclude, finally, thus
  • 因為:becuase, by, factor
  • 前因後果:led to, attribute to, cause

4.表態觀點詞:

  • 正面:agree, emphasize, believe,...
  • 負面:question, cast the doubt on.....
  • 中立:present, pose, phenomena...

5.順序:這類的很愛改何者為非的題型

  • first, second,another, moreover, furthermore,last.....

6.比較:

  • not A, but B
  • more A than B
  • A, rather than B
  • A, instead of B

7.判斷:

  • 動詞:be, remain, stand, fail to, talk something shit ....當作評價用的
  • 助動詞:have to, can, cannot, must, have PP(時態可以想像成時間對比的考點)
  • 形容詞:good, bad. .... 是喜歡還是不喜歡

8.高低:

increaes/ decrease, up/ down......


何謂表示正負的關鍵詞:定位詞所在的句子附近如果出現以下,必須納入選項考量去判斷選項的正負邏輯

正面:emphasize / illustrate / introduce / promote / for example / evidence / indicate / suggest / reveal / show......

負面:argue against / question / distinguish / contrast / contradict / refute / disagree / cast doubts ........


主幹怎麼找:

假設不太知道怎麼抓主幹,那其實最快的方法就是去抓一個句子的主詞和受詞,把所有的修飾語都去掉,例如:

In some cases, the physical division within the first cities reflected the strict hierarchical character of the society as a whole, with a royal palace surrounded by an imposing wall and separate from the remainder of the urban population.

文法分析可以知道真正的主要名詞前方是乾淨的(除了表示數量的東西A, mnay, a lot of),所以一切明詞前方有個介系詞接著,那表示血統不純,這個名詞被介系詞抓去當形容詞用了,好的那第一步先刪掉 prep+N的結構

In some cases, the physical division within the first cities reflected the strict hierarchical character of the society as a whole, with a royal palace surrounded by an imposing wall and separate from the remainder of the urban population.

好的可以很明顯的看到我的主詞(S)出來了the physical division,動詞出來了reflected,受詞也有了the strict hierarchical character

那這樣其實主幹就有囉!!


另一個方法,按照文章結構去劃分,文章如果看了令人崩潰會是選項實在噁心,

1.可以藉由每個『句點』『逗點』前後去觀察有無相關影響句子的副詞,如However就表示前後連接的句子邏輯相反,and,furthermore...表示邏輯同向,since,as 因果關係等等

2.選項當中出現的內容分別對應回去原文章中,內容剛好出現在被文章結構劃後,內容分成兩個不同的部分出現,此時答案絕對錯誤,這是錯誤選項常出現的伎倆,把兩個毫無關係甚至是相反的內容拼成一句話,這種『拼裝車』的出現就直接排除吧

3.每段第一句的主題句讀清楚,然後以下文章發展不是贊成主題句,就是反對主題句,

  • 所以凡是看到遞進(moreover),順承(then),並列(and),舉例(for example),因果(because),排序(1.2.3....),定義等等,都是順向邏輯,表示前後句子邏輯一致,立場相同
  • 然而看到轉折(however),否定(not),讓步(although)表示前後關係邏輯相反,請注意它和主題句之間的關係,如果整個文章中間ˋ轉來轉去的,以最後一個為主
  • 所以假設細節題問的東西是甲,然後選項裡面有甲的內容卻又多了乙內容,不過回查乙內容發現,甲跟乙中間被一個邏輯關係詞分開了,那就可以很大膽的判斷選項是錯誤的(詳見下方舉例)

4.掌握線性原則,這類科普類學術文章不會去跟你耍花樣,搞得跟徐自摩,朱自清的文章一樣文采紛飛,她就是很基本的白話論述文,所以會有三大特徵,1.先因後果,2.先論點再論據,3.先概論再細分

例如: Stories (myths) may then grow up around a ritual. Frequently the myths include representatives of those supernatural forces that the rites celebrate or hope to influence. Performers may wear costumes and masks to represent the mythical characters or supernatural forces in the rituals or in accompanying celebrations. As a person becomes more sophisticated, its conceptions of supernatural forces and causal relationships may change. As a result, it may abandon or modify some rites. But the myths that have grown up around the rites may continue as part of the group's oral tradition and may even come to be acted out under conditions divorced from these rites. When this occurs, the first step has been taken toward theater as an autonomous activity, and thereafter entertainment and aesthetic values may gradually replace the former mystical and socially efficacious concerns.

7. According to paragraph 2, what may cause societies to abandon certain rites?

A.  Emphasizing theater as entertainment.
B.  Developing a new understanding of why events occur.
C.  Finding a more sophisticated way of representing mythical characters.
D.  Moving from a primarily oral tradition to a more written tradition.
 
  • 可以看到我們先找出邏輯分隔點(黃光部),好的所以看到這裡進入步驟程序,1.定位詞:abandon certain rites,文章中對應到紅色部分。2.邏輯關鍵詞:cause,文章中對應到AS,as a result。3.方向關鍵詞:文章沒看到表是正向。(邏輯關鍵詞和方向關鍵詞不一定同時出現)4.主幹:sophisticated,change。所以答案(B),以上是細節四部法不過這裡個如果用一般四大程序去看sophisticated是不能選的因為題目的cause對應As a result,前因後果,所以只會對應its conceptions of supernatural forces and causal relationships may change. 這句話而已,再往前的那句是這句話的因,已經遠離題目邏輯區了。
  • 再來結構分析法是,我們一樣先找定位詞1.定位詞:abandon certain rites,然後找選項中(B)完全在紅色區中,但我想講的是(C),她就是所謂的拼裝車選項,雖然答案區間裡面有sophisticated但是mythical characters.跑出邏輯結構範圍了,所以錯再看(D)的oral tradition也是跑出結構區了,掰掰砍掉,這裡BUT前後就是分割成邏輯相反的關鍵字,前面提到假設是正的,後面就是負的,所以邏輯都想反了自然不可能會是答案
 

好的既然像在手上有了結構分析,和細節四部這兩把刀,解題就有如砍瓜切菜了,就好像是奧利佛黑白切

詳細解題操作可參考:

托福【閱讀】解題技巧-細節題解題心得(1)

托福【閱讀】解題技巧-細節題解題心得(2)

托福【閱讀】解題技巧-細節題解題心得(3)

ETS就是她媽的一坨屎,當然要靠招是去幹掉他,不然直接對幹,光是一坨一坨的文章一直丟過來人都暈了,以上是準備考試總結筆記,小小心得希望有幫助到托福考友,加油!!

 

 

 

 

 


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