熱血背包客莊ㄟ

這篇單字出的較多基本分好拿，但是我覺得有兩題推理題滿難做的

說到這個推理題真的很麻煩，他不像細節題可以在內文中找到對應的訊息，推理題的訊息往往是無中生有，由有限的文章內容去推測，所以簡單來講假設遇到推理題，題幹出現的文字，或是文章中跟題幹相關的訊息絕對不是答案，ETS不是吃素的，不會把推理題當連連看。

那何謂推理題，這是我自己歸納的所以不一定對，有興趣的話，大家也請一起分享解題方式，交流交流吧

1.題幹出現 indicate / infer / imply / suggest / ... 舉凡翻譯有提示暗示含意的我都歸納為推理，因為暗示表示要自己去找，好了當敵人確定為推理題時，如何一槍斃命

2.找到題幹上的關鍵字，但不是要去回查原文，因為這樣不就變成細節提出理方式了，所以要去針對題幹給的名詞或者訊息分析它是哪一類名詞，然後去找原文中相似或相反的同屬性名詞(如：animals & plant，或者待會會處理到的 photography & painting )，找到明顯的對比性名詞或是對應性名詞後，說穿了推理題就是一個看有沒有辦法短時間找到對應的名詞而進行分析的題型

3.找文中不是題幹出現的那個名詞整句讀完，他會有延伸內容，也就是說animals(對應主幹)， 吃東西，會動....(內容細節)

4.最重要的事情是找邏輯關係詞，正面支持或是反面打槍，如 like / similar 正面支持，however / although / but  轉折反面打槍

4.在針對你之前找到的語氣調整的副詞或連結詞如：however表轉折，意思是你在處理第三步時所得到的訊息筆記下來後，取反就是該題答案了，vice versa ，正向邏輯(like之類的)第三步得到的訊息取正

5.假設你在第二步當中十秒內找不對對應性名詞，就放棄。滑鼠點NEXT，不是啦~~因為時間不等人，用解『是非題』的作法利用四個選項回推去找答案

參考資料：ETS TOEFL TPO 22-2

The Birth of Photography

一段：Perceptions of the visible world were greatly altered by the invention of photography in the middle of the nineteenth century. In particular, and quite logically, the art of painting was forever changed, though not always in the ways one might have expected. The realistic and naturalistic painters of the mid- and late-nineteenth century were all intently aware of photography—as a thing to use, to learn from, and react to.

二段：Unlike most major inventions, photography had been long and impatiently awaited. The images produced by the camera obscura, a boxlike device that used a pinhole or lens to throw an image onto a ground-glass screen or a piece of white paper, were already familiar—the device had been much employed by topographical artists like the Italian painter Canaletto in his detailed views of the city of Venice. What was lacking was a way of giving such images permanent form. This was finally achieved by Louis Daguerre (1787-1851), who perfected a way of fixing them on a silvered copper plate. His discovery, the "daguerreotype," was announced in 1839.
 

1. What can be inferred from paragraphs 1 and 2 about the effect of photography on nineteenth-century painting?

三段：A second and very different process was patented by the British inventor William Henry Talbot (1800-1877) in 1841. Talbot's "calotype" was the first negative-to-positive process and the direct ancestor of the modern photograph. The calotype was revolutionary in its use of chemically treated paper in which areas hit by light became dark in tone, producing a negative image. This "negative," as Talbot called it, could then be used to print multiple positive images on another piece of treated paper.
 

2. According to paragraphs 2 and 3 which of the following did the daguerreotype and the calotype have in common?

四段：The two processes produced very different results. The daguerreotype was a unique image that reproduced what was in front of the camera lens in minute, unselective detail and could not be duplicated. The calotype could be made in series, and was thus the equivalent of an etching or an engraving.Its general effectwas soft edged and tonal.

3. The word "duplicated" in the passage is closest in meaning to

4. The phrase "Its general effect" in the passage refers to

五段：One of the things that most impressed the original audience for photography was the idea of authenticity. Nature now seemed able to speak for itself, with a minimum of interference. The title Talbot chose for his book, The Pencil of Nature (the first part of which was published in 1844), reflected this feeling. Artists were fascinated by photography because it offered a way of examining the world in much greater detail. They were also afraid of it, because it seemed likely to make their own efforts unnecessary.

5. The word "authenticity" in the passage is closest in meaning to

六段：Photography did indeed make certain kinds of painting obsolete—the daguerreotype virtually did away with the portrait miniature. It also made the whole business of making and owning images democratic. Portraiture, once a luxury for the privileged few, was suddenly well within the reach of many more people.

6. What point does the author make in paragraph 6?

七段：In the long term, photography's impact on the visual arts was far from simple. Because the medium was so prolific, in the sense that it was possible to produce a multitude of images very cheaply, it was soon treated as the poor relation of fine art, rather than its destined successor. Even those artists who were most dependent on photography became"reluctant to admit that they made use of it, in case this compromised their professional standing.

7. The word "reluctant" in the passage is closest in meaning to

8. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

Because the medium was so prolific, in the sense that it was possible to produce a multitude of images very cheaply, it was soon treated as the poor relation of fine art, rather than its destined successor.

八段：The rapid technical development of photography—the introduction of lighter and simpler equipment, and of new emulsions that coated photographic plates, film, and paper and enabled images to be made at much faster speeds—had some unanticipated" consequences. Scientific experiments made by photographers such as Eadweard Muybridge (1830-1904) and Etienne-Jules Marey (1830-1904) demonstrated that the movements of both humans and animals differed widely from the way they had been traditionally represented in art. Artists, often reluctantly, were forced to accept the evidence provided by the camera. The new candid photography—unposed pictures that were made when the subjects were unaware that their pictures were being taken—confirmed these scientific results, and at the same time, thanks to the radical cropping (trimming) of images that the camera often imposed, suggested new compositional formats. The"accidental effects obtained by candid photographers were soon being copied by artists such as the French painter Degas.

9. The word "unanticipated" in the passage is closest in meaning to

10. The word "accidental" in the passage is closest in meaning to

11. Which of the following is mentioned in paragraph 8 as a benefit that artists derived from photography?

12. It can be inferred from paragraph 8 that one effect that photography had on painting was that it

13. Look at the four squares HI that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [●] to add the sentence to the passage. 
Although his process produced permanent images, each was unique and no reproduction of the picture was possible.

What was lacking was a way of giving such images permanent form. This was finally achieved by Louis Daguerre (1787-1851), who perfected a way of fixing them on a silvered copper plate. His discovery, the "daguerreotype," was announced in 1839.●(A)

A second and very different process was patented by the British inventor William Henry Talbot (1800-1877) in 1841. ●(B)Talbot's "calotype" was the first negative-to-positive process and the direct ancestor of the modern photograph. The calotype was revolutionary in its use of chemically treated paper in which areas hit by light became dark in tone, producing a negative image.●(C) This "negative," as Talbot called it, could then be used to print multiple positive images on another piece of treated paper.●(D)
The two processes produced very different results. 

句子改寫：恆跨三段，超麻煩。Although 表示前後相反，NOTE：雖然永久畫，但是特別且不可複製，此題直接選(A)了因為永久畫只有上一段有講到，先說缺法，再說有人解決，然後插入句本體剛好是解釋他的細節

14.  The invention of photography had a significant impact on the art of painting in the nineteenth century.

(A)  For a brief time, artists preferred not to paint natural or realistic images that would have to compete with photographs.

(B) The photographic processes of Louis Daguerre and William Henry Talbot both made permanent images, but only Talbot's process allowed making multiple copies.

(C) Photography made accurate images widely and inexpensively available, but this popular success also had the effect of lowering its perceived value in relation to the fine arts.

(D) Before photography, Canaletto had used the camera obscura to project scenes onto a paper or glass plate.

(E) The work of Eadweard Muybridge and Etienne-Jules Marey established photography both as a science and as an art.

(F) Photography eliminated the painted portrait miniature, led artists to accurately represent movement, and affected pictorial composition, but did not replace traditional visual arts.

文章小節：先看題幹NOTE: 照片衝擊畫 

1. 六選三，一定看引導句 ，然後本題離不開5W1H(when，where，who，what，why，how)，所以抓完主幹之後再自己試問，假設可以解結你假設的問題他就是答案了
2. 請對前面13題留點印象
3. 一定有一個正確選項來自最後一段，除非他跟最後一段描述相反
4. 刪去法-有時候找出錯的答案，比找出對的答案簡單，因為對的答案會很精確毫無疑問，細節和細節間處理完美，但是錯誤答案可能隱藏至少兩三個錯誤點，所以相較之下比較多線索，找到一個錯誤就可以殺除了，以上相互使用可以很快解題

• (A)Art喜歡..... ，這個主詞不對，照片的衝擊跟藝術家喜歡畫什麼鬼是兩馬的事，對應  第一題，第六題 是影響不是競爭  
• (B)完全正確對應第二題，第三題，且符合預想PH 是永久畫面，以前不是，改變就是衝擊
• (C) 對應第六題，第七題，利用製程技術衝擊畫符合預想
• (D) 跟第二段開頭的是兩回事，Canaletto 有弄出相片，但不是永久的，和選項(D)講的不合，而且題幹說照片衝擊畫，那幹嘛講以前的事情，這類背景知識只是幫助你了解不會成為大綱
• (E) 對應第十一題，建立畫作不是照片
• (F) 最後一段 而且都已經選出三個錯的了 (F)一定對，對應十一，十二題

恭喜完成一篇TPO，穩固基本分比較重要，祝大家考試順心!!