托福【閱讀】解題技巧-細節題解題心得(1)－熱血背包客莊ㄟ

想知道詳細的步驟說明可以參考：托福【閱讀】解題技巧-細節題

It seems likely that Teotihuacán’s natural resources, along with the city elite’s ability to recognize their potential, gave the city a competitive edge over its neighbors. The valley, like many other places in Mexican and Guatemalan highlands, was rich in obsidian. The hard volcanic stone was a resource that had been in great demand for many years, at least since the rise of the Olmecs (a people who flourished between 1200 and 400 B.C.), and it apparently had a secure market. Moreover, recent research on obsidian tools found at Olmec sites has shown that some of the obsidian obtained by the Olmecs originated near Teotihuacán. Teotihuacán obsidian must have been recognized as a valuable commodity for many centuries before the great city arose.

※According to paragraph 4, what has recent research on obsidian tools found at Olmec sites shown?

A. Obsidian’s value was understood only when Teotihuacán became an important city.

B. The residents of Teotihuacán were sophisticated toolmakers.

C. The residents of Teotihuacán traded obsidian with the Olmecs as early as 400 B.C.

D. Some of the obsidian used by the Olmecs came from the area around Teotihuacán.

解題方式

1.定位詞：obsidian tools

2.邏輯詞：show

3.正負詞：無

4.主幹：originated near Teotihuacán，秒選(D)

The coastal hypothesis has gained increasing support in recent years because the remains of large land animals, such as caribou and brown bears, have been found in southeastern Alaska dating between 10,000 and 12,500 years ago. This is the time period in which most scientists formerly believed the area to be inhospitable for humans. It has been suggested that if the environment were capable of supporting breeding populations of bears, there would have been enough food resources to support humans. Fladmark and other believe that the first human colonization of America occurred by boat along the Northwest Coast during the very late Ice Age, possibly as early as 14,000 years ago. The most recent geologic evidence indicates that it may have been possible for people to colonize ice-free regions along the continental shelf that were still exposed by the lower sea level between13,000 and 14,000 years ago.

※ According to paragraph 5, the most recent geologic research provides support for a first colonization of America dating as far back as

A. 16,000 years ago

B. 14,000 years ago

C. 12,500 years ago

D. 10,000 years ago

解題方式

1.定位詞：first colonization

2.邏輯詞：support，文章believe

3.正負詞：無

4.主幹：as early as 14,000 years ago，秒選(B)

In seeking to describe the origins of theater, one must rely primarily on speculation, since there is little concrete evidence on which to draw. The most widely accepted theory, championed by anthropologists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, envisions theater as emerging out of myth and ritual. The process perceived by these anthropologists may be summarized briefly. During the early stages of its development, a society becomes aware of forces that appear to influence or control its food supply and well-being. Having little understanding of natural causes, it attributes both desirable and undesirable occurrences to supernatural or magical forces, and it searches for means to win the favor of these forces. Perceiving an apparent connection between certain actions performed by the group and the result it desires, the group repeats, refines and formalizes those actions into fixed ceremonies, or rituals.
※According to paragraph 1, theories of the origins of theater

A. are mainly hypothetical

B. are well supported by factual evidence

C. have rarely been agreed upon by anthropologists

D. were expressed in the early stages of theater’s development

解題方式：

1.定位詞：origins of theater對回文章，

2.邏輯詞：無

3.正負詞：無

4.主幹：primarily on speculation對應(A)選項hypothetical

，所以選(A)，因為這裡沒有其他的邏輯詞，所以黃色部分後段since不納入考量

In seeking to describe the origins of theater, one must rely primarily on speculation, since there is little concrete evidence on which to draw. The most widely accepted theory, championed by anthropologists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, envisions theater as emerging out of myth and ritual. The process perceived by these anthropologists may be summarized briefly. During the early stages of its development, a society becomes aware of forces that appear to influence or control its food supply and well-being. Having little understanding of natural causes, it attributes both desirable and undesirable occurrences to supernatural or magical forces, and it searches for means to win the favor of these forces. Perceiving an apparent connection between certain actions performed by the group and the result it desires, the group repeats, refines and formalizes those actions into fixed ceremonies, or rituals.

※According to paragraph 1, why did some societies develop and repeat ceremonial actions?

A. To establish a positive connection between the members of the society

B. To help society members better understand the forces controlling their food supply

C. To distinguish their beliefs from those of other societies

D. To increase the society’s prosperity

解題方式

1.定位詞：repeat ceremonial actions，對應回去文章找到

2.邏輯詞：why，所以找因果關係，文章對應句裡面有個the result

3.正負詞：desires姑且表"正"

4.主幹：由the result it desires看到沒有下文所以要往前看是誰可求的，找上一句 and it searches for means to win the favor of these forces.其中it searches for對應desire， win對應(D)prosperity

Another major discovery was made in Egypt in 1989. Several skeletons of another early whale, Basilosaurus, were found in sediments left by the Tethys Sea and now exposed in the Sahara desert. This whale lived around 40 million years ago, 12 million years after Pakicetus. Many incomplete skeletons were found but they included, for the first time in an archaeocyte, a complete hind leg that features a foot with three tiny toes. Such legs would have been far too small to have supported the 50-foot-long Basilosaurus on land. Basilosaurus was undoubtedly a fully marine whale with possibly nonfunctional, or vestigial, hind legs.

※ The hind leg of Basilosaurus was a significant find because it showed that Basilosaurus

A. lived later than Ambulocetus natans

B. lived at the same time as Pakicetus

C. was able to swim well

D. could not have walked on land

解題方式

1.定位詞：hind leg of Basilosaurus，找到黃色部分

2.邏輯詞：題目because，文章沒看到表示看要上一句，因為學術文章的寫作方式沒特別註明都是先因後果

3.正負詞：無

4.主幹：因為邏輯詞because的關係所以往前一句找，too small to have supported，對應到(D)walked on land

Even in the areas that retain a soil cover, the reduction of vegetation typically results in the loss of the soil's ability to absorb substantial quantities of water. The impact of raindrops on the loose soil tends to transfer fine clay particles into the tiniest soil spaces, sealing them and producing a surface that allows very little water penetration. Water absorption is greatly reduced; consequently runoff is increased, resulting in accelerated erosion rates. The gradual drying of the soil caused by its diminished ability to absorb water results in the further loss of vegetation, so that a cycle of progressive surface deterioration is established.

※ According to paragraph 3, the loss of natural vegetation has which of the following consequences for soil?

A. Increased stony content

B. Reduced water absorption

C. Increased numbers of spaces in the soil

D. Reduced water runoff

解題方式

1.定位詞：loss of natural vegetation

2.邏輯詞：題目consequences，文章results

3.正負詞：無

4.主幹：loss of the soil's ability to absorb，直接對應(B)

The vast grasslands of the High Plains in the central United States were settled by farmers and ranchers in the 1880s. This region has a semiarid climate, and for 50 years after its settlement, it supported a low-intensity agricultural economy of cattle ranching and wheat farming. In the early twentieth century, however, it was discovered that much of the High Plains was underlain by a huge aquifer (a rock layer containing large quantities of groundwater). This aquifer was named the Ogallala aquifer after the Ogallala Sioux Indians, who once inhabited the region

※ According to paragraph 1, which of the following statements about the High Plains is true?

A. Until farmers and ranchers settled there in the 1880s, the High Plains had never been inhabited.

B. The climate of the High Plains is characterized by higher-than-average temperatures.

C. The large aquifer that lies underneath the High Plains was discovered by the Ogallala Sioux Indians.

D. Before the early 1900s there was only a small amount of farming and ranching in the High Plains.

解題方式：

1.定位詞：看到true直接看選項寫筆記回推文章，因為我覺得信息給太少，如果從轉折，因果，強調詞可能會有漏掉

(A) 1880前，HPX住→The vast grasslands of the High Plains in the central United States were settled by farmers and ranchers in the 1880s.，沒交代

(B)HP T高→This region has a semiarid climate(是乾不是高溫)

(C)大水是OSI find→This aquifer was named the Ogallala aquifer after the Ogallala Sioux Indians, who once inhabited the region (住這裡不代表發現這裡，這不是推理題不能過度想像)

(D)1900前，HP小farm，剩下它

PS：我遇到true/not/ except 之類的都會先看選項再看文章，與其在那邊找不到定位詞到不如直接用選項當定位詞

The question of ecosystem stability is complicated, however. The first problem is that ecologists do not all agree what “stability” means. Stability can be defined as simply lack of change. In that case, the climax community would be considered the most stable, since, by definition, it changes the least over time. Alternatively, stability can be defined as the speed with which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major disturbance, such as a fire. This kind of stability is also called resilience. In that case, climax communities would be the most fragile and the least stable, since they can require hundreds of years to return to the climax state.

※ According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of climax communities?

A. They are more resilient than pioneer communities.

B. They can be considered both the most and the least stable communities.

C. They are stable because they recover quickly after major disturbances.

D. They are the most resilient communities because they change the least over time.

解題方式

1.定位詞：直接切選項

(A)CC彈力>PC→This kind of stability is also called resilience(沒看到PC)

(B)CC=最穩，最不穩→ In that case, the climax community would be considered the most stable, since, by definition, it changes the least over time. 還有climax communities would be the most fragile and the least stable, since they can require hundreds of years to return to the climax state.

(C)CC穩，因為回快→they can require hundreds of years to return to the climax state(相反)

(D)CC最彈，因為不改→兩者都有

這題很因險答案區落在兩個區間

Speculation on the origin of these Pacific islanders began as soon as outsiders encountered them, in the absence of solid linguistic, archaeological, and biological data, many fanciful and mutually exclusive theories were devised. Pacific islanders are variously thought to have come from North America, South America, Egypt, Israel, and India, as well as Southeast Asia. Many older theories implicitly deprecated the navigational abilities and overall cultural creativity of the Pacific islanders. For example, British anthropologists G. Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry assumed that only Egyptians would have been skilled enough to navigate and colonize the Pacific. They inferred that the Egyptians even crossed the Pacific to found the great civilizations of the New World (North and South America). In 1947 Norwegian adventurer Thor Heyerdahl drifted on a balsa-log raft westward with the winds and currents across the Pacific from South America to prove his theory that Pacific islanders were Native Americans (also called American Indians). Later Heyerdahl suggested that the Pacific was peopled by three migrations: by Native Americans from the Pacific Northwest of North America drifting to Hawaii, by Peruvians drifting to Easter Island, and by Melanesians. In 1969 he crossed the Atlantic in an Egyptian-style reed boat to prove Egyptian influences in the Americas. Contrary to these theorists, the overwhelming evidence of physical anthropology, linguistics, and archaeology shows that the Pacific islanders came from Southeast Asia and were skilled enough as navigators to sail against the prevailing winds and currents.

※According to paragraph 2, which of the following led some early researchers to believe that the Pacific islanders originally came from Egypt?

A. Egyptians were known to have founded other great civilizations.

B. Sailors from other parts of the world were believed to lack the skills needed to travel across the ocean

C. Linguistic, archaeological, and biological data connected the islands to Egypt.

D. Egyptian accounts claimed responsibility for colonizing the Pacific as well as the Americas.

解題方式

1.定位詞：Pacific islanders對應失敗因為太多了，所以再找Egypt但也是一堆，再找researchers，同時有這三個的就是

2.邏輯詞：led to表示原因，文章沒因果只有for examplen(因為for examplen表示前論點後論據，所以等等找主幹要往前一句找)

3.正負詞：無

4.主幹：往前一句看找到deprecated navigational abilities選(B)

這裡這麼難定位而且我覺得For example連接的很奇怪怎麼不是因果呢?所以用結構去看會比較快

Speculation on the origin of these Pacific islanders began as soon as outsiders encountered them, in the absence of solid linguistic, archaeological, and biological data, many fanciful and mutually exclusive theories were devised. Pacific islanders are variously thought to have come from North America, South America, Egypt, Israel, and India, as well as Southeast Asia. Many older theories implicitly deprecated the navigational abilities and overall cultural creativity of the Pacific islanders. For example, British anthropologists G. Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry assumed that only Egyptians would have been skilled enough to navigate and colonize the Pacific. They inferred that the Egyptians even crossed the Pacific to found the great civilizations of the New World (North and South America). In 1947 Norwegian adventurer Thor Heyerdahl drifted on a balsa-log raft westward with the winds and currents across the Pacific from South America to prove his theory that Pacific islanders were Native Americans (also called American Indians). Later Heyerdahl suggested that the Pacific was peopled by three migrations: by Native Americans from the Pacific Northwest of North America drifting to Hawaii, by Peruvians drifting to Easter Island, and by Melanesians. In 1969 he crossed the Atlantic in an Egyptian-style reed boat to prove Egyptian influences in the Americas. Contrary to these theorists, the overwhelming evidence of physical anthropology, linguistics, and archaeology shows that the Pacific islanders came from Southeast Asia and were skilled enough as navigators to sail against the prevailing winds and currents.

我把它分成六塊，咖啡色因為for example的關係是和論點緊密結合的，所以它們視為一體，they 表示繼續延伸上一句所提到的人所以視為遞進，往下開頭都是時間點所以時間不同區分三區，然後對應題目選項會發現

A. Egyptians were known to have founded other great civilizations.(紫色區)

B. Sailors from other parts of the world were believed to lack the skills needed to travel across the ocean(咖啡色區)

C. Linguistic, archaeological, and biological data connected the islands to Egypt.(黑色區)

D. Egyptian accounts claimed responsibility for colonizing the Pacific as well as the Americas.(綠色區)

而題目文字出現在咖啡色區，所以(B)

Increased agricultural production in turn facilitated rural industry, an intrinsic part of the expansion of industry. Woolens and textile manufacturers, in particular, utilized rural cottage (in-home) production, which took advantage of cheap and plentiful rural labor. In the German states, the ravages of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) further moved textile production into the countryside. Members of poor peasant families spun or wove cloth and linens at home for scant remuneration in an attempt to supplement meager family income.

※Paragraph 4 supports the idea that increased agricultural production was important for the expansion of industry primarily because it

A. increased the number of available workers in rural areas

B. provided new types of raw materials for use by industry

C. resulted in an improvement in the health of the rural cottage workers used by manufacturers

D. helped repair some of the ravages of the Thirty Years'War

解題方式

1.定位詞：increased agricultural，所以題目在黑色區

2.換個口味利用結構解題法其中in particular連接rural industry了前後兩句

A. increased the number of available workers in rural areas (黑色區)

B. provided new types of raw materials for use by industry (沒看到new material對應點)

C. resulted in an improvement in the health of the rural cottage workers used by manufacturers(出現在黑色區但沒看到health)

D. helped repair some of the ravages of the Thirty Years’War (粉紅色區)