New methods developed in genetic research have led taxonomists to revise their views on the evolutionary relationships between many species. Traditionally the relatedness of species has been ascertained by a close comparison of their anatomy. The new methods infer the closeness of any two species’ relationship to each other directly from similarities between the species’ genetic codes.
Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the information?
A. The apparent degree of relatedness of some species, as determined by anatomical criteria, is not borne out by their degree of genetic similarity.
B. When they know the differences between two species’ genetic codes, taxonomists can infer what the observable anatomical differences between those species must be.
C. The degree to which individuals of the same species are anatomically similar is determined more by their genetic codes than by such environmental factors as food supply.
D. The traditional anatomical methods by which taxonomists investigated the relatedness of species are incapable of any further refinement.
E. Without the use of genetic methods, taxonomists would never be able to obtain any accurate information about species’ degrees of relatedness to one another.
logic book style：
Premise1：New methods developed in genetic research have led taxonomists to revise their views on the evolutionary relationships between many species
Premise2：Traditionally the relatedness of species has been ascertained by a close comparison of their anatomy.
Premise3：The new methods infer the closeness of any two species’ relationship to each other directly from similarities between the species’ genetic codes.
Conclusion：@@?
中文對照：
前提一：基因改變了relation的研究
前提二：以前是解剖比對相似性
前提三：相似性直接從基因找
結論：@@"
連貫性（coherence）：兩種研究方法，隱約有不同的比較，新對舊，然後方法也不一樣，所以等等找結論優先考慮兩者間的不一樣
這題在找結論是什麼，而且他要求是最正面支持的，這一味著一件事情，以上四個前提是絕對正確的，前提描述為真，結論才能為真，所以比較快的方法就是看選項在連貫性的前提之下（follow the premises），並且這個被當作結論的選項必須是沒有『反例』出現
A. The apparent degree of relatedness of some species, as determined by anatomical criteria, is not borne out by their degree of genetic similarity.
兩個測出來的相似程度不同。前提二VS.前提三，一個解剖，一個基因碼，方法不同，degree of relatedness也不同（not borne out by），或許可以選，帶入反例看看，要是反例不成立表示這就是答案了，反例不成立就是永遠保持結論正確。it is not the case that The apparent degree of relatedness of some species, as determined by anatomical criteria, is not borne out by their degree of genetic similarity.由解剖跟基因的不同去看物種親緣關係，是『不會不同的』，這樣會不成立，因為前提一有說：revise their views on the evolutionary relationships ，修改就不一樣了啊，所以反例不成立，這也證明結論的正確性。
B. When they know the differences between two species’ genetic codes, taxonomists can infer what the observable anatomical differences between those species must be.
基因有不同，這就推理出解剖上也不同，不對，他們兩個並沒有連結關係，他們只是一個研究的兩個方法，所以要有連貫性應該加入evolutionary relationships between many species的元素
C. The degree to which individuals of the same species are anatomically similar is determined more by their genetic codes than by such environmental factors as food supply.
他們之間沒有關係啊，解剖學上的相似是被基因碼決定，這偷換概念太強烈了，硬是要逼婚硬要把解剖搭上基因。
D. The traditional anatomical methods by which taxonomists investigated the relatedness of species are incapable of any further refinement.
問題出在這are incapable of any further refinement.沒有連貫性，新舊方法的差異沒出現，選了他無法去說明為何會有基因法當作前提，前提無法去支持結論，這題是問結論，所以要由前提往下推到結論成立才是正確答案。有refinement字樣的前提只有前提一，這個選項又和前提一講的是兩碼的事
E. Without the use of genetic methods, taxonomists would never be able to obtain any accurate information about species’ degrees of relatedness to one another.
新的方法不等於精確，至少還要加上一個舊方法不精確，爛或該淘汰的字樣作為前提。
選（Ａ）
我認為GRE的錯誤選項是定義上的問題，角色扮演上的錯誤，而不是翻譯內容上的瑕疵讓他產生錯誤，所以要從定義著手才是王道，以上個人筆記希望有幫助到大家，文章內容中英夾雜請見諒，有誤再請指教!!
托福TOEFL ibt (4)