GRE - T-20

 

Verbal:

Article one : (From GRE offical guide )

According to Hill and Spicer, the term  "nation-state" is a misnomer, since the ideal model of a monolingual. Cultrually homogeneous state has never existed, not even among Europeans, who invented the "nation-state" concept and introduced it to the rest of the world. 

Modern European states, they argue, emerged after the Renaissance through the rise of nations (ie; specific ethnic group) to positions of political and economic dominance over a number of other ethnic groups within the bounded political territores. 

The term "nation-state", Hill and Spicer argue, obscures the internal cultural and linguistic diversity of states that could more accurately be call "conquest state" 

 

The primary purpose of the passage is to 

(A) discuss issues relating to a form of political organization by raising doubts about the terminology used to refer to it.

(B) trace changes in a form of political organization by examing the evolution of the terminology used to refer to 

(C) justify the continued use of an established term for an evolving form of political organization.

(D) question the accuracy of a new term for a form of political organization 

(E) compare two terms for a form of political organization.

 

Ans: (A)

Key) Form the first we konw the argument is "the term  "nation-state" is a misnomer". And the following sentence never appear any adversative transition, so we can wipe out the option (D) question and (E) compare. 

Then we see the misnomer is a negative word. The final sentence talks the the term should be call others. So we combine the information together. We got first sentence's statement is wrong and the final one says that sould change into conquest state. (A) is right, because doubts terminology= misnomer, (B) we don;t see any detail about "the evolution of the terminology"; rather it only provide the opinion that it should change the name to what. 

(C) already says it is a misnomer, so it is not be justifies. 

 

The resurgence of multiple ethnic groups within a single, Hill says, is not "potentially threating to the sovereign jurisdiction of the state", as Vrbar and Sherzer suggest;  rather, the assertion of cultural differences threatens to reveal ethnocentric beliefs and practices upon which conquered ethnic groups enjoy equal rights with the conquering ethnic group but do not face the threat of persecution or cultural assimilation into dominant ethnic group. 

 

The author of the passage quotes Urbar and Sherzer most probably in order to

(A) introduce a discussion of the legal ramifications of expending the nation-state concept. 

(B) summarize a claim about one possible effect of asserting cultural differences within a state 

(C) shift the focus of discussion from internal threats that states face to external threats that they face 

(D) point out similarities between the threats to states seen by Urbar and Sherzer and those seen by Hill 

(E) describe one way an ethnocentric preactice has been affecting attempts to assert cultural differences with a state. 

 

Ans: (B)

Key) 

"Some one says or suggests" is a kind of evidence to supprot to opinion located at upper sentence, bceause we know opinion is followed by evidence or example.  So this question should put this into consideration 

The term "nation-state", Hill and Spicer argue, obscures the internal cultural and linguistic diversity of states that could more accurately be call "conquest state" 

Then The resurgence of multiple ethnic groups within a single, Hill says, is not "potentially threating to the sovereign jurisdiction of the state", as Vrbar and Sherzer suggest; 

We don;t need to see the sentence after " ; " Because it is a supportive extension, so ignore. 

These two sentences gto the same logic. So from this clue we can immediately dash out (C) and (D) Because not "potentially threating

And from diversity of the upper sentence, we can eliminate (A) nation-state and (E) ethnocentric

So sadly, got (B) can be chosen. not "potentially threating = possible effect, differences = diversity

 

According to the passage, Hill and Spicer define nations as which of the following ? 

(A) coalitions of distinct ethnic groups with similar concerns. 

(B) distinct ethnic groups 

(C) culturally homogeneous states 

(D) linguistically diverses states 

(E) terriorialy bonded states

 

Ans: (B)

Key)

Find the first sentence baced on Hill and Spicer, and their opinion is the definition. We will know the words homogeneous and never, so only (B) is on the answer zone where the clue hides in the first sentence. 

 

 

Article two : (From GRE offical guide )

In the 1920s, Gerstmann described a set of problems found in people who have suffered damage to the brain’s left parietal lobe, problems that include being unable to understand arithmetic and having difficulty identifying one’s fingers. There is still no agreement on whether the symptoms Gerstmann noticed constitute a syndrome, but the parts of the brain used for storing facts about numbers and for representing the fingers are close to each other. Mental representations of numbers and of fingers may therefore be functionally connected. A 2005 experiment had people perform some tasks requiring dexterity and others involving matching pairs of numbers, while an area of their parietal lobes—the left angular gyrus—was stimulated by a magnetic field. Facility at both sets of tasks was impaired.

 

The author of the passage would most likely agree that the highlighted statement suggests

(A) a flaw in the experiment conducted in 2005

(B) a means by which dexterity might compensate for a loss of arithmetic ability

(C) an explanation for some of Gerstmann’s observations

(D) an anomaly in some of Gerstmann’s results

(E) a reason to doubt damage to the left parietal lobe as a causal factor in certain symptoms

 

Ans: (C)

Key)but the parts of the brain used for storing facts about numbers and for representing the fingers are close to each other.

What do we learn from the sentence. But is a key which is adversative transition in the sentence made by two clauses, which means "but" will not influence the logic between upper and lower sentences. This only reject this: no agreement on whether the symptoms Gerstmann noticed constitute a syndrome. Actually the "but" does not change the opinion in the article. And # and fingers zones are close. I still don't know the answer, so keep reading to next one. When I see therefore that is a key of conclusion, maybe fitting the answer. It says functionally connected.

So, put the hint to the options, and then the brief is that because they are close, they connected. So the highlighted sentence along with the "therefore" of the next sentence construct cause and effect clauses. 

(A) "in the experiment conducted in 2005" is out of the relation. 

(B) dexterity is out of the relation. 

(C) explanation means reason, so the sentence before "therefore" sould be considered a reason. 

(D) All the sentences in the article is following the first topic sentence that smoe parts of brain damage can lead to fail in numberes and fingeres. So there is no one to say "anomaly"

(E) doubt is the same problem as (D)

 

FYI: 

A 2005 experiment had people perform some tasks requiring dexterity and others involving matching pairs of numbers, while an area of their parietal lobes—the left angular gyrus—was stimulated by a magnetic field. Facility at both sets of tasks was impaired.

These two sentences is someone's experiment to support Gerstmann, so we have to regard tthem as a example, and separate them from the upper two sentences including "but" and "therefore". 

 

The author of the passage describes the “2005 experiment” and its results primarily in order to

(A) establish the proximity between the part of the brain used for storing numerical information and the part used for representing the fingers

(B) illustrate the implications that Gerstmann’s work may have for experimental research

(C) cast doubt on the idea that damage to the left parietal lobe causes the set of problems that Gerstmann described

(D) support a hypothesis about a significant association between parts of the brain related to fingers and to numbers

(E) suggest that the problems Gerstmann noted in relation to numbers and fingers have a different cause than the other problems associated with parietal lobe damage

 

Ans: (D)

Key)　　

How I already answer the question by the FYI , HAHA (D) a significant association between parts of the brain related to fingers and to numbers = Gerstmann

 

 

 

Article three: (From GRE offical guide )

One way to assess This is the American Earth, a collection of photographs selected and arranged by Nancy Newhall, is to apply Newhall`s own criteria for judging photographic art. Does this photographic essay achieve results impossible in other media? By contrasting the small with the vast-for example, placing a photo of a rock pool next to one of a spiral galaxy-Newhall exploits the camera`s ability to manipulate the size of an object, thereby challenging viewers to question their conventional concepts of size. However, a similar result could be achieved in the medium of painting. Does the work bear its creator`s imprint, and does it draw viewers` interest even after repeated viewings, Newhall`s second and third criteria? Indeed, Newhall`s work bears her unmistakable imprint in the juxtaposition of the photos and in the rhythmic prose accompanying them, but the individual viewer must decide whether Newhall`s work evokes, as it did for this reviewer, new experiences upon subsequent viewings.

 

The author of the passage is primarily concerned with doing which of the following?

(A) Defending a particular set of criteria for evaluating a work of art

(B) Applying a particular set of criteria to a work of art

(C) Describing the most significant aspects of a work of art

(D) Evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of a work of art

(E) Reevaluating the significance of a work of art

 

Ans:(B)

Key) what is the mian ldea, so we need to check out the topic point without details. We ignore the detial so that save time. 

"apply Newhall`s own criteria for photographic art ". This is the topic.

Then we move on to find a question;  Does this photographic essay achieve results impossible in other media? This is a item of the criteria, because it matchs the words, judging photographic art.  

And next one we find out that there is a clue " for example ", meaning that it supports the upper sentence, so it's not a topic. 

However, a similar result could be achieved in the medium of painting. From the medium of painting, we know that it answer the question above, but I don't care the answer, but I know this is the first portion. A question and an answer construct a loop of argument. 

Then we move on to second portion: Does the work bear its creator`s imprint, and does it draw viewers` interest even after repeated viewings, Newhall`s second and third criteria?

This sentecne roughly show the second and third items of criteria.

Indeed, Newhall`s work bears her unmistakable imprint in the juxtaposition of the photos and in the rhythmic prose accompanying them, but the individual viewer must decide whether Newhall`s work evokes, as it did for this reviewer, new experiences upon subsequent viewings.

Indeed is sort of emphasis to support the former sentence, so no need to read. 

Then we can know the topic is about a criteria, and then the following sentences show three items of criteria, meaning that (B) Applying can match them. 

 

 

According to the passage, which of the following is a way in which This is the American Earth satisfies Newhall`s criteria for judging photographic art?

(A) It takes advantage of one of the camera`s unique abilities.

(B) It leaves viewers with a particularly strong visual impression.

(C) It contains elements identifying it as a particular person`s work.

(D) It consistently evokes an emotional response from viewers.

(E) It successfully destroys an overemphasis on humans` concept of size.

 

Ans: (C)

Key) This is annoying. We need to check out all the three ways. First, the size method has failed, becasue the "however" sentence show painting also reach the way, lacking the specificity. So, wipe out (E) 

Second, Newhall`s work bears her unmistakable imprint. This can match (C), so that is the answer. (D) didn't match the thrid method, because there is still a debate and uncertainty in "consistently"

Other two options, (A) and (B), are out of discussion 

There is other way to solve this problem which I do on the question at first time. We can see the article's structure in which there are two adversative transitions, However and but, meaning that they are not a good criteria. And "however" sentence is about size, and "but" is about viewers feeling. So (C) and (D) are not the answers.  

 

It can be inferred that the author of the passage would most likely agree with which of the following statements about applying Newhall`s criteria to This is the American Earth ?

(A) Newhall`s second criterion is most important when judging this kind of photographic art.

(B) Newhall`s first criterion is the most subjective when judging this kind of photographic art.

(C) Newhall`s criteria are not particularly useful for judging this kind of photographic art.

(D) The collection fails to satisfy one of Newhall`s basic criteria for judging photographic art.

(E) The collection illustrates why it is difficult to apply a standard set of criteria to a particular work of art.

 

Ans: (D)

Key) the question asked about the inference where we need to consider many sentences. So we need to cut the article into 3 parts. And deside which part should read in order to solve the inference. The inference means the conclusion in a small part. 

Part 1: One way to assess This is the American Earth, a collection of photographs selected and arranged by Nancy Newhall, is to apply Newhall`s own criteria for judging photographic art.

This is about the topic. So From tihs with its topic, apply Newhall`s own criteria, we can says (A) "important" and (E) "difficult" are irrelevant twaddle. Should take more attention on what criteria to apply

Part2: Does this photographic essay achieve results impossible in other media? By contrasting the small with the vast-for example, placing a photo of a rock pool next to one of a spiral galaxy-Newhall exploits the camera`s ability to manipulate the size of an object, thereby challenging viewers to question their conventional concepts of size. However, a similar result could be achieved in the medium of painting.

This means that the size method lacks specificity. So, only (D) is right. 

Part3: Does the work bear its creator`s imprint, and does it draw viewers` interest even after repeated viewings, Newhall`s second and third criteria? Indeed, Newhall`s work bears her unmistakable imprint in the juxtaposition of the photos and in the rhythmic prose accompanying them, but the individual viewer must decide whether Newhall`s work evokes, as it did for this reviewer, new experiences upon subsequent viewings.

The second one is solid, but the third one depends on viewer's emotion. So, at least, not all of the three methods are invalid. So (C) can be wipe out. (B) sould says the thrid one is the most subjective. 


 

 

 

 

 

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