The closest distance from which an asteroid has been photographed using ground-based radar is 2.2 million miles, the distance from which the asteroid Toutatis was recently photographed. The closest photograph of an asteroid is of Gaspra, which was photographed from a distance of only 10,000 miles.
Which of the following can be properly concluded from the statements above?
(A) Toutatis is more likely to collide with the Earththan Gaspra is.
(B) Toutatis, unlike Gaspra, has only recently been discovered.
(C) Asteroids can be photographed only by using ground-based radar.
(D) Ground-based radar photography cannot take photographs of objects much beyond 2.2 million miles from Earth.
(E) The photograph of Gaspra was not taken using ground-based radar.
本題問到concluded表示,文中沒有結論要自己找,那找的依據是先看到連貫性,以及前提他們的邏輯展現,就看哪個容易找就哪個先處理,然後再看到題幹的properly表示這是一個支持的態度,所以不是對結論產生質疑,因此等等要找的結論必須是『真』的陳述,也就是前提百分之百支持結論,然後由結論往回驗證前提,這個結論是『找不到反例』的,必須有個叫做truth preserving的現象出現 。
logic book style :
P1 : The closest distance from which an asteroid has been photographed using ground-based radar is 2.2 million miles
P2: the distance from which the asteroid Toutatis was recently photographed.
P3: The closest photograph of an asteroid is of Gaspra, which was photographed from a distance of only 10,000 miles.
C: @@?
沒人說前提一定要一句話就是一個前提,就看個人喜好去分,考試時間緊迫還是以一句話的量去分析會比較省時間,但是結論可以確定就是一個,因為一段Argument他們的主旨就是作者相信的東西事件就這麼一個,然後其他的句子都是圍繞他去做支持的理由或是證據。
中文版本:
前提一:最近的距離是2.2,而這個是用radar測量的結果
前提二:這裡的代名詞要先解決,依照同位語的定義他就是the distance=2.2 million miles,然後就內容來說又可以=Toutatis
前提三:最近的Gaspra是10,000
結論:@@?
連貫性:就連貫性來說,他們在針對距離作辯論,所以等等選項要找到跟『距離有關』為主幹的東西才行
邏輯:這三組前提來說,前提一加上前提二,給出一個名字還一組數字,再用using點出使用的量測器材,然而,前提三在給出一個名字和一組數字,所以這之間要媽在做『比較』就是在最『對比』轉折
選項分析:
(A) Toutatis is more likely to collide with the Earththan Gaspra is.
這裡collide沒有連貫,這個結論很容易被質疑,為什麼較可能會相撞,是距離太近受引力影響嗎,還是運行軌道相交,抑或是命運的糾纏,情感上的糾葛,這根本不用繼續看下去,直接刪除放回收筒。
(B) Toutatis, unlike Gaspra, has only recently been discovered.
發現時間點『不』是連貫關鍵,因為這不能解釋前提一所提到的 using ground-based radar
(C) Asteroids can be photographed only by using ground-based radar.
不能給出這樣的結論,因為前提三沒有說他用啥東西得到 10,000 miles.
(D) Ground-based radar photography cannot take photographs of objects much beyond 2.2 million miles from Earth.
這叫睜眼說瞎話,前提一:最近的距離是2.2,所以一定會超過2.2,在來這個座標系的原點沒有說是from Earth.所以不能對他做地球就是X, Y坐標系的(0,0)
(E) The photograph of Gaspra was not taken using ground-based radar.
這是由距離推出來的,既然用基地雷達所測最小值是2.2百萬英里,那現在出現一組數字是10,000 miles.那當然不能『量』,這不在基地雷達的值域裡面,而且剛好符合剛剛邏輯的預期,有對比的存在,用雷達拍的VS. 不用雷達拍
答案(E)
以上個人筆記希望有幫助到大家,有誤再請指教!!
