TOEFL【Integrated Writing】TPO16
The United Kingdom (sometimes referred to as Britain) has a long and rich history of human settlement. Traces of buildings, tools, and art can be found from periods going back many thousands of years: from the Stone Age, through the Bronze Age, the Iron Age, the time of the Roman colonization, the Middle Ages, up to the beginnings of the industrial age. Yet for most of the twentieth century, the science of archaeology,dedicated to uncovering and studying old cultural artifacts,was faced with serious problems and limitations in Britain.
First, many valuable artifacts were lost to construction projects. The growth of Britain's population, especially from the 1950s on, spurred a lot of new construction in British cities, towns, and villages. While digging foundations for new buildings, the builders often uncovered archaeologically valuable sites.Usually, however, they proceeded with the construction and did not preserve the artifacts. Many archaeologically precious artifacts were therefore destroyed.
Second, many archaeologists felt that the financial support for archaeological research was inadequate. For most of the twentieth century, archaeology was funded mostly through government funds and grants, which allowed archaeologists to investigate a handful of the most important sites but which left hundreds of other interesting projects without support. Furthermore, changing government priorities brought about periodic reductions in funding.
Third, it was difficult to have a career in archaeology. Archaeology jobs were to be found at universities or with a few government agencies, but there were never many positions available. Many people who wanted to become archaeologists ended up pursuing other careers and contributing to archaeological research only as unpaid amateurs.
Personal Writing
The passage says that archaeologists in Britain at twentieth century had problems of construction projects, funding supports, and job positions. However, the professor argues that the new guidelines, introduced in 1990, had improved the field of archaeology.
First, construction projects. The passage says that archaeologically valuable artifacts were destroyed by builders digging out the construction sites without conservation. However, citing the new rules, the professor argues that before starting, the projects have to be examine by archaeologists to check their value. If the sites are of archaeological interest, she emphasizes, builders, archaeologists, and governments should work together, making sure the conservation of artifacts.
Second, funding supports. The passage states that governments' limited funding further suffing from periodic reduction were only enough for important sites but not for interesting. However, the professor argues that by the new rules, all the construction and conservation works should be paid by builders rather than govenments. Such new resources, she explains, would help far-range research than even before.
Third, job positions. The passage claims that universities and governments had jobs for archaeologists, but lots of their positions weren't available, forcing them to find other jobs or unpaid works. However, the professor argues that the new guidelines provide archelogists with lots of paid jobs in all archaeological process such as examining sites, planning conservation, and writing articles. The number of employment rate in archaeology, she emphasizes, has increased to the all-time high in Britain.
Word: 240
note：
Reading ： problems
argument 1：project → uncover / destroy
argument 2：funding → impt✓, intst X / gov $ ↓
argument 3：jobs → uni, gov / other, X $ work
Listening ： X , new rule
argument 1： PJ → arch exam / if ok, bu/arch/gov, together
argument 2：fund → X gov, ✓ bu / far-range
argument 3：jobs → $ = ex, plan, article / +++
tips in three paragraph
1. sites were destoryed → must check and work together
2. gov have no money → companies need to pay
3. unpaid works VS. many paid jobs
Listening script
In 1990, new rules and guidelines were adopted in United Kingdom and that had changed the whole field of Archaeology in that country. The new guidelines improved the situation in all 3 areas discussed in the passage.
First, the new guidelines state that before any construction project can start, the construction site has to be examined by archaeologists to see whether the site is of archaeological interest or value. If the site is of archaeological interest, the next step is for the builders, archaeologists and local government officials to get together and make a plan for preserving the archaeological artifacts, either by building around them or by excavating a document in them properly before the construction is allowed to proceed.
Second, an important part of new guidelines is the rule that any archaeological work done on the construction site will be paid for by the construction company not by the government. The construction company has to pay for the initial examination of the site, and then for all the work carried out under the preservation plan. His is whole new source of financial support. The funding from the construction company has allowed researchers to study a far great range of archaeological sites than they could in past.
Last, the new guidelines provide a lot of paid work for archaeologist, work that didn't exist before. Expert archaeologists are now hired all stage of the process to examine the site for archaeological value, then have to drop the preservation plan to do the researcher and professional scientific manner and finally to process the data and write reports and articles. The increased job career opportunities in Archaeology have increased the number professional archaeologists in Britain which is now the highest it's ever been.
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