GRE - T-22
Verbal:
Article one : (From GRE offical guide )
Meltzoff and Moore reported experiments showing that human newborns possess the ability to imitate certain facial expressions, such as a protruding tongue or an open mouth. Yet numerous researchers challenge Meltzoff`s interpretation that such neonatal imitation is the origin of later imitation, which appears at approximately eight to twelve months of age. These researchers point out that the neonatal imitative response disappears or is lessened at approximately two months. Moreover, since in follow-up studies only one type of imitative response toward a facial expression (that is, tongue protrusion) was observed, some researchers assert that neonatal imitation is not imitation at all but may simply be a form of exploratory behavior in response to interesting stimuli.
According to the passage, those who challenge "Meltzoff`s interpretation" do so on the basis that it
(A) implies inaccurate predictions
(B) lacks testable consequences
(C) assumes a discredited theory
(D) leaves an unexplained gap
(E) involves circular reasoning
Ans: (D)
Key) the main idea is that two old men discovered infants can imitate facial expressions. But quickly the next sentence contradicts their discovery. Then I directly skip all the article. Because "These researchers" and Moreover show these two sentences are following the same logic as the sencond entails: yet numerous researchers challenge Meltzoff`s interpretation that such neonatal imitation is the origin of later imitation, which appears at approximately eight to twelve months of age.
And the question mentions the challenge is what, and then the answer is located at the "YET" sentence. "Yet" is a adversative transition, matching "challenge" of the question. However, we still don't konw the detail that what is the reason it has been challenge. Instead it only represents the opinion which is opposite to Meltzoff and Moore, but we still can slightly feel that there is a key point, newbron VS. eight to twelve months, making the answer tend to be (D), but we have to make sure about that, so we move on two the neext sentecne, which says that point out that the neonatal imitative response disappears or is lessened at approximately two months. OK!! From "disappears" or "lessened", we konw these two words match the gap in (D)
The passage implies which of the following about the experimental results reported by Meltzoff and Moore?
(A) They were, at best, only partially borne out by subsequent studies.
(B) They cast doubt on the validity of a particular claim about newborns.
(C) They formed the basis for revised interpretations of other behaviors of newborns.
(D) They derived from a methodology that turned out to be flawed.
(E) They challenged the distinction between imitative and nonimitative behavior in newborns.
Ans:(A)
Key)
M&M is wrong !!!! But, sadly from some key words I have read can not support to solve this question, so I decide to read the least one sentence
Moreover, since in follow-up studies only one type of imitative response toward a facial expression (that is, tongue protrusion) was observed, some researchers assert that neonatal imitation is not imitation at all but may simply be a form of exploratory behavior in response to interesting stimuli.
From this sentence including "only one type of imitative response toward a facial expression (that is, tongue protrusion)", I figure out that "partially" just makes sense with "only one type of imitative response". So, the answer is (A), typical implication by reading many sentences to solve the question.
(D) totally reject the M&M discovery, but the final sentence claims it's just one part but not false. It only can say that this M&M statement should go further.
Article two : (From GRE offical guide )
A widespread concern in early eighteenth-century Britain that the institution of marriage was deteriorating into a mere business agreement, a cynical means of increasing wealth, was reflected in the media of the time. In the theater, for example, the Restoration comedy of manners, with its celebration of libertinism and portrayal of marriage as a social, and therefore artificial, institution, gave way to sentimental comedies like The Conscious Lovers, which celebrated the pure, instinctive love of its central characters while downplaying matters of wealth and status. New periodicals, such as the wildly popular Spectator, devoted many issues to the evils of mercenary marriages and to the glories of choosing love over money. However, the very popularity of such works calls into question the existence of any real trend toward mercenary marriage. Admittedly, the growing use and complexity of marriage settlements (the transfer of family property from one generation to the next upon a daughter`s marriage) during this period meant that among the elite, at least, marriage contracts looked increasingly like business contracts. However, it should be noted that marriage had long been used by the elite to cement political or social bonds and to enhance family wealth.
The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) question whether early eighteenth-century British concerns about an increase in the instances of mercenary marriage were supported in fact
(C) suggest that current scholarship concerned with early eighteenth-century British views of marriage is flawed
(D) examine some of the factors that caused a trend toward mercenary marriage in early eighteenth-century Britain
(E) compare two different views of marriage as they were reflected in certain media of early eighteenth-century Britain
Ans: (A)
Key) looking for primary purpose. The strategy is grip the main idea which usually hide in the topic sentence.
marriage was deteriorating into a mere business agreement, and this concern was reflected in the contemporary media.
Then we skip the following sentences until we see However, the very popularity of such works calls into question the existence of any real trend toward mercenary marriage. In the sentence, such works means The Conscious Lovers and the glories of choosing love over money, showing they are staying away from mercenary. This is why I wanna skip, becasue you will konw everything after reading the "However" senence.
And this one However, it should be noted that marriage had long been used by the elite to cement political or social bonds and to enhance family wealth. This sentence is not talking about the main idea, but since there is a Hoever inside, we still need to be careful. This is a adversative statment contrary to the upper sentence: Admittedly, the growing use and complexity of marriage settlements (the transfer of family property from one generation to the next upon a daughter`s marriage) during this period meant that among the elite, at least, marriage contracts looked increasingly like business contracts. So these two sentences are detail by showing this is a exception.
So, combining "calls into question" and "marriage was deteriorating into a mere business agreement" of the first sentence, aka concern in early eighteenth-century Britain, we konw mercenary marriage is not the ture. (A) is right.
(C) is not the flaw, because there is still an exception mentioned on the final sentence.
The author of the passage states that which of the following casts doubt on the validity of the "widespread concern"?
(A) The popularity of the Restoration comedy of manners
(B) The growing complexity of marriage settlements
(C) Increasing similarities between marriage and business contracts
(D) A rising tendency among the elite classes to marry for love rather than money
(E) The success of works in different media celebrating love over money
Ans:(E)
Key) This key is quite simiar to question one, and it is an extension of the question one. We konw it is not about money, but for what. Then from the "However" sentence with the very popularity of such works, meaning "The success of works" of (E), we check out the upper sentence mentioning "evoted many issues to the evils of mercenary marriages and to the glories of choosing love over money." Then got (E).
The author of the passage mentions The Conscious Lovers in order to
(A) give a representative example of a Restoration comedy of manners
(B) show how a particular concern was reflected in the media
(C) provide support for the assertion that marriage had become a mercenary institution
(D) suggest that certain anxieties were exacerbated by the media
(E) provide an example of a theatrical work that challenged the institution of marriage
Ans:(B)
Key) The "in order to " is the key to pone the answer. And from the sentence of The Conscious Lovers, we konw it is a example.
In the theater, for example, the Restoration comedy of manners, with its celebration of libertinism and portrayal of marriage as a social, and therefore artificial, institution, gave way to sentimental comedies like The Conscious Lovers, which celebrated the pure, instinctive love of its central characters while downplaying matters of wealth and status.
Then since it is an example, we have to find the opinion to support the example, which means the the answer must hide in here:
A widespread concern in early eighteenth-century Britain that the institution of marriage was deteriorating into a mere business agreement, a cynical means of increasing wealth, was reflected in the media of the time.
So, we got was reflected in the media and for example,Then got (B) corrected
(Normally the article structure follow the rule of opinion written before the evidence which we called example in this case)
Vocabulary
blotch = blot
blowhard = boaster = a person bragging
blurb = brief
blurt = exclaim = divulge
bluster = bulldoze
blustering
boast = bombast
boggle = astound = flabbergast
boisterous = loud = clamorous = rambunctious
bolster = aid = boost
bondage = blockage
bore = agitate = annoy = bother = displease
boredom = abhorance = ennui = apathy
boulder = gravel = rubble
bouquet = garland = wreath （又稱韻味）
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