熱血背包客莊ㄟ

One explanation for the tendency of animals to be more vigilant in smaller groups than in larger ones assumes that the vigilant behavior— looking up, for example— is aimed at predators. If individuals on the edge of a group are more vigilant because they are at greater risk of being captured, then individuals on average would have to be more vigilant in smaller groups, because the animals on the periphery of a group form a greater proportion of the whole group as the size of the group diminishes.

However, a different explanation is necessary in cases where the vigilant behavior is not directed at predators. J. Krebs has discovered that great blue herons look up more often when in smaller flocks than when in larger ones, solely as a consequence of poor feeding conditions. Krebs hypothesizes that the herons in smaller flocks are watching for herons that they might follow to better feeding pools, which usually attract larger numbers of the birds.

1. It can be inferred from the passage that in species in which vigilant behavior is directed at predators, the tendency of the animals to be more vigilant in smaller groups than in larger ones would most likely be minimized if which of the following were true?

(A) The vigilance of animals on the periphery of a group always exceeded that of animals located in its interior, even when predators were not in the area.

(B) The risk of capture for individuals in a group was the same, whether they were located in the interior of the group or on its periphery.

(C) Animals on the periphery of a group tended to be less capable of defending themselves from attack by predators than animals located in the interior of the group.

(D) Animals on the periphery of a group tended to bear marks that were more distinctive to predators than animals located in the interior of the group.

(E) Animals on the periphery of a group tended to have shorter life spans than animals located in the interior of the group

2. Which of the following best describes the relationship of the second paragraph to the first?

(A)The second paragraph relies on different evidence in drawing a conclusion similar to that expressed in the first paragraph.

(B)The second paragraph provides further elaboration on why an assertion made at the end of the first paragraph proves to be true in most cases.

(C)The second paragraph provides additional information in support of a hypothesis stated in the first paragraph.

(D)The second paragraph provides an example of a case in which the assumption described in the first paragraph is unwarranted.

(E) The second paragraph describes a phenomenon that has the same cause as the phenomenon described in the first paragraph.

3. It can be inferred from the passage that the author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following assertions about vigilant behavior?

(A) The larger the group of animals, the higher the probability that individuals in the interior of the group will exhibit vigilant behavior.

(B) Vigilant behavior exhibited by individuals in small groups is more effective at warding off predators than the same behavior exhibited by individuals in larger groups.

(C) Vigilant behavior is easier to analyze in species that are preyed upon by many different predators than in species that are preyed upon by relatively few of them.

(D) The term "vigilant," when used in reference to the behavior of animals, does not refer exclusively to behavior aimed at avoiding predators.

(E) The term "vigilant, " when used in reference to the behavior of animals, usually refers to behavior exhibited by large groups of animals.

4. The passage provides information in support of which of the following assertions?

(A) The avoidance of predators is more important to an animal's survival than is the quest for food.

(B) Vigilant behavior aimed at predators is seldom more beneficial to groups of animals than to individual animals.

(C) Different species of animals often develop different strategies for dealing with predators.

(D) The size of a group of animals does not necessarily reflect its success in finding food.

(E) Similar behavior in different species of animals does not necessarily serve the same purpose.

結構分析：

One explanation for the tendency of animals to be more vigilant in smaller groups than in larger ones assumes that the vigilant behavior— looking up, for example— is aimed at predators.

中間雙槓的插入語就放過吧，而且他還給個for example，就表示我在舉例喔，這所謂的 vigilant behavior是什麼呢，就是looking up，兩者間成等號，這不是重點，重點在於整篇文章開頭給explanation，表示等等文章發展應該是往怎麼『解釋』the tendency去發展，之後可能會提出佐證（理由一，理由二....），所以抓住究竟要解釋什麼鬼，這就是主幹，所以分析 explanation後面：

the tendency of animals to be more vigilant in smaller groups than in larger ones assumes that the vigilant behavior is aimed at predators.

more A than B這比較級注意到一邊就好，強調的是小群體會更警覺，後面assumes表示因果，前果後因，跟predators.有關，所以大致上主幹討論的就是小群體警覺性高，因為Pdt。

If individuals on the edge of a group are more vigilant because they are at greater risk of being captured, then individuals on average would have to be more vigilant in smaller groups, because the animals on the periphery of a group form a greater proportion of the whole group as the size of the group diminishes.

if副詞子句的出現，表示其為下條件的用意，既然是定義條件表示在某情況下的舉例，因此他又被我當作細節忽略不看了。

However, a different explanation is necessary in cases where the vigilant behavior is not directed at predators.

轉折詞，後方給的是different explanation與此同時可以知道這個however是在做觀點對立的，所以在此作者的觀點也轉換，第一個觀點已經搖搖欲墜了，打槍not directed at predators.。知道對比即可，先不需知道不是狩獵者的關係，那會是誰，先別管那個誰，直接做題囉。

J. Krebs has discovered that great blue herons look up more often when in smaller flocks than when in larger ones, solely as a consequence of poor feeding conditions. Krebs hypothesizes that the herons in smaller flocks are watching for herons that they might follow to better feeding pools, which usually attract larger numbers of the birds.

某某人發現，某某人提出假設，這都是在對different explanation提出舉例佐證，因此真的沒必要讀。

1. It can be inferred from the passage that in species in which vigilant behavior is directed at predators, the tendency of the animals to be more vigilant in smaller groups than in larger ones would most likely be minimized if which of the following were true?

(A) The vigilance of animals on the periphery of a group always exceeded that of animals located in its interior, even when predators were not in the area.

(B) The risk of capture for individuals in a group was the same, whether they were located in the interior of the group or on its periphery.

(C) Animals on the periphery of a group tended to be less capable of defending themselves from attack by predators than animals located in the interior of the group.

(D) Animals on the periphery of a group tended to bear marks that were more distinctive to predators than animals located in the interior of the group.

(E) Animals on the periphery of a group tended to have shorter life spans than animals located in the interior of the group

解題：

推理題，必須開始找對比對像跟主旨了，題目說到『沒有』tendency of the animals to be more vigilant in smaller groups than in larger ones這樣的情況會如何，這很明白是主題句的那一句話取『反』，因此找到主題句One explanation for the tendency of animals to be more vigilant in smaller groups than in larger ones assumes that the vigilant behavior— looking up, for example— is aimed at predators.，警戒感來自天敵，所以如果要達成題目問的沒有這方面的趨勢，那就是不要有天敵（這動作是對文章內容取反），可是這裡已題目已經有講到vigilant behavior is directed at predators，所以哈哈，內容必須要再更深一層才行，考點不在這，因此要往下一句話找，而下一句話的『if』就是重點了，假設成立是表支持上面一句話，那如果要讓上面那一句話不對，辦法就是『讓IF條件不成立』，所以對If individuals on the edge of a group are more vigilant because they are at greater risk of being captured,取『反』，也就是風險不高，這個風險不高代表風險低跟風險一樣，兩種都包括在內，選（Ｂ）

2. Which of the following best describes the relationship of the second paragraph to the first?

(A)The second paragraph relies on different evidence in drawing a conclusion similar to that expressed in the first paragraph.

(B)The second paragraph provides further elaboration on why an assertion made at the end of the first paragraph proves to be true in most cases.

(C)The second paragraph provides additional information in support of a hypothesis stated in the first paragraph.

(D)The second paragraph provides an example of a case in which the assumption described in the first paragraph is unwarranted.

(E) The second paragraph describes a phenomenon that has the same cause as the phenomenon described in the first paragraph.

解題：

由結構圖知道這文章是描述兩觀點之間『對立』（Ａ）similar，（Ｂ） further，（Ｃ）additional，（Ｅ）the same cause，這都是表同意支持，都違反了however的用意，選（Ｄ）

3. It can be inferred from the passage that the author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following assertions about vigilant behavior?

(A) The larger the group of animals, the higher the probability that individuals in the interior of the group will exhibit vigilant behavior.

(B) Vigilant behavior exhibited by individuals in small groups is more effective at warding off predators than the same behavior exhibited by individuals in larger groups.

(C) Vigilant behavior is easier to analyze in species that are preyed upon by many different predators than in species that are preyed upon by relatively few of them.

(D) The term "vigilant," when used in reference to the behavior of animals, does not refer exclusively to behavior aimed at avoiding predators.

(E) The term "vigilant, " when used in reference to the behavior of animals, usually refers to behavior exhibited by large groups of animals.

解題：

推理題，一樣找對比或是主旨，然後剛剛的However已經說明道vigilant behavior＝pdt這觀點已經被作者丟一邊了，他的對比邏輯就是結構圖的下部vigilant behavior『不是』pdt，所以先看看有沒有跟『反』pdt有關的字眼，如果沒有的話我們再去找既然不是天敵造成的那會是什麼造成的『的什麼造成』，不過運氣真好，看到（Ｄ）

(D) The term "vigilant," when used in reference to the behavior of animals（這副詞子句就沒看了）, does not refer exclusively to behavior aimed at avoiding predators.

警戒不是來自於閃避天敵，選（Ｄ）

4. The passage provides information in support of which of the following assertions?

(A) The avoidance of predators is more important to an animal's survival than is the quest for food.

(B) Vigilant behavior aimed at predators is seldom more beneficial to groups of animals than to individual animals.

(C) Different species of animals often develop different strategies for dealing with predators.

(D) The size of a group of animals does not necessarily reflect its success in finding food.

(E) Similar behavior in different species of animals does not necessarily serve the same purpose.
 

解題：

從定義上去找的話，找到support表示作者認為對的事情是什麼，然後從結構圖上面看是兩個解釋間產生矛盾，然後矛盾的事情是一個贊成天敵說，一個是vigilance does not refer to avoid predators.不讚成天敵說，所以（Ａ）important就搞錯重點了，先刪除。（Ｂ）在於比較錯誤groups of animals than to individual animals，比較應該是兩觀點的天敵說跟『反』天敵說才對。（Ｃ）dealing with predators.表示都對天敵說表示同意啊，那這樣跟However就衝突了，因為However是兩觀點的對立，不是細節上的區別，假設今天However這個字是建立再支持天敵說之下，然後天敵說有不同的解決方案，方案一：ＯＯＯＯ. However, 方案二：ＸＸＸＸ這樣的文章描述（Ｃ）才選。（Ｄ）我不知道先留著因為完全沒看finding food。（Ｅ）這個我保證他絕對是答案，因為它完全表達出One explanation VS. a different explanation的用意，一個行為兩種解釋，選（Ｅ）

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