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In the early 1950's, historians who studied preindustrial Europe (which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800) began, for the first time in large numbers, to investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite: the kings, generals, judges, nobles, bishops, and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books. One difficulty, however, was that few of the remaining 97 percent recorded their thoughts or had them chronicled by contemporaries. Faced with this situation, many historians based their investigations on the only records that seemed to exist: birth, marriage, and death records. As a result, much of the early work on the nonelite was aridly statistical in nature; reducing the vast majority of the population to a set of numbers was hardly more enlightening than ignoring them altogether. Historians still did not know what these people thought or felt. 

 

One way out of this dilemma was to turn to the records of legal courts, for here the voices of the nonelite can most often be heard, as witnesses, plaintiffs, and defendants. These documents have acted as "a point of entry into the mental world of the poor." Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents to extract case histories, which have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups (these attitudes include, but are not confined to, attitudes toward crime and the law) and have revealed how the authorities administered justice. It has been societies that have had a developed police system and practiced Roman law, with its written depositions, whose court records have yielded the most data to historians. In Anglo-Saxon countries hardly any of these benefits obtain, but it has still been possible to glean information from the study of legal documents. 

 

The extraction of case histories is not, however, the only use to which court records may be put. Historians who study preindustrial Europe have used the records to establish a series of categories of crime and to quantify indictments that were issued over a given number of years. This use of the records does yield some information about the nonelite, but this information gives us little insight into the mental lives of the nonelite. We also know that the number of indictments in preindustrial Europe bears little relation to the number of actual criminal acts, and we strongly suspect that the relationship has varied widely over time. In addition, aggregate population estimates are very shaky, which makes it difficult for historians to compare rates of crime per thousand in one decade of the preindustrial period with rates in another decade. Given these inadequacies, it is clear why the case history use of court records is to be preferred.

 

1.The author suggests that, before the early 1950's, most historians who studied preindustrial Europe did which of the following?

A.Failed to make distinctions among members of the preindustrial European political and social elite.

B.Used investigatory methods that were almost exclusively statistical in nature.

C.Inaccurately estimated the influence of the preindustrial European political and social elite.

D.Confined their work to a narrow range of the preindustrial European population.

E.Tended to rely heavily on birth, marriage, and death records.

 

2.According to the passage, the case histories extracted by historians have

A.scarcely illuminated the attitudes of the political and social elite

B.indicated the manner in which those in power apportioned justice

C.focused almost entirely on the thoughts and feelings of different social groups toward crime and the law

D.been considered the first kind of historical writing that utilized the records of legal courts

E.been based for the most part on the trial testimony of police and other legal authorities

 

3.It can be inferred from the passage that much of the early work by historians on the European nonelite of the preindustrial period might have been more illuminating if these historians had

A.used different methods of statistical analysis to investigate the nonelite

B.been more successful in identifying the attitudes of civil authorities, especially those who administered justice, toward the nonelite

C.been able to draw on more accounts, written by contemporaries of the nonelite, that described what this nonelite thought

D.relied more heavily on the personal records left by members of the European political and social elite who lived during the period in question

E.been more willing to base their research on the birth, marriage, and death records of the nonelite

 

4.The author mentions Le Roy Ladurie in order to

A.give an example of a historian who has made one kind of use of court records

B.cite a historian who has based case histories on the birth, marriage, and death records of the nonelite

C.identify the author of the quotation cited in the previous sentence

D.gain authoritative support for the view that the case history approach is the most fruitful approach to court records

E.point out the first historian to realize the value of court records in illuminating the beliefs and values of the nonelite

 

5.According to the passage, which of the following is true of indictments for crime in Europe in the preindustrial period?

A.They have, in terms of their numbers, remained relatively constant over time.

B.They give the historian important information about the mental lives of those indicted.

C.They are not a particularly accurate indication of the extent of actual criminal activity.

D.Their importance to historians of the nonelite has been generally overestimated.

E.Their problematic relationship to actual crime has not been acknowledged by most historians.

 

6.It can be inferred from the passage that a historian who wished to compare crime rates per thousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century with crime rates in another decade of that center would probably be most aided by better information about which of the following?

A.The causes of unrest in the city during the two decades

B.The aggregate number of indictments in the city nearest to the city under investigation during the two decades

C.The number of people who lived in the city during each of the decades under investigation

D.The mental attitudes of criminals in the city, including their feelings about authority, during each of the decades under investigation

E.The possibilities for a member of the city's nonelite to become a member of the political and social elite during the two decades

 

7.The passage would be most likely to appear as part of

A.a book review summarizing the achievements of historians of the European aristocracy

B.an essay describing trends in the practice of writing history

C.a textbook on the application of statistical methods in the social sciences

D.a report to the historical profession on the work of early-twentieth-century historians

E.an article urging the adoption of historical methods by the legal profession

 

結構分析：

這題題庫好長已經有點忘了前面的內容了，不過還是逃不過那幾招，知道主角，知道文體，就知道答案了，本文分三段，時間上可能比較緊縮。開工！！

 

In the early 1950's, historians who studied preindustrial Europe (which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800) began, for the first time in large numbers, to investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite: the kings, generals, judges, nobles, bishops, and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books. 幹！！開頭嚇死我，不過一樣這麼長的東西，抓住主幹即可，口訣就是關係代名詞亂我主幹者，必殺之！！所以來抓要被忽略的句的。

 

In the early 1950's, historians who studied preindustrial Europe（關代修飾歷史學家不理會）(which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800)（再來一組關代去修飾那個前工業時代的歐洲是怎樣的歐洲，他都已經是括號型態出現，這本身就不是重點了）began, for the first time in large numbers, to investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite: the kings, generals, judges, nobles, bishops, and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books.（這只是幫忙解釋何謂『射精，社會菁英』），我們在整理一次，等等主幹就清晰了。
 

In the early 1950's, historians began, for the first time in large numbers, to investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite，歷史學家開始調查ＰＥ時代的人口，而不只僅限於社會菁英，這樣主題就出來拉，本文就是在探討ＰＥ時代大部分的人怎樣了，我們再往下看，因為我還不知道文體是啥，也不知道內容是啥。

 

One difficulty, however, was that few of the remaining 97 percent recorded their thoughts or had them chronicled by contemporaries. 有轉折必看，但是or後方的史逸動詞有時間再看吧，主角是difficulty，所以節後上一句話，就是要知道ＰＥ時代大部分的人怎樣，有～難～度！因為沒有recorded their thoughts

 

Faced with this situation,.... 看到代名詞了，請跳過，他只是在延伸說明而已，不直得你浪費時間。As a result, 這裡做總結其實也不用看拉，總結就是呼應前面，然後為了讓文章又回文的整題感，才會寫的，既然我已經知道主角跟內容了，我其實就可以不理會了，最後的一句話也是一樣出現了類似遞進的詞類，可以大膽研判是強調而已Historians still did not know what these people thought or felt. 好了，到了這裡我可以先推測文章使用的寫作文體是啥，開頭點出我要討論的目標，但要找答案有難度，因為沒資料，後面再做結論，所以算是一個提出文題，然後給方法的文章，但還不能講死，因為我只看完第一段而已，這只是暫時的總結。

 

One way out of this dilemma was to turn to the records of legal courts, for here the voices of the nonelite can most often be heard, as witnesses, plaintiffs, and defendants. 開頭的邏輯詞一種逃離這個困頓的方法是....也就是說作者要來介紹一些解決方案了。去對付剛剛的缺資料的事情。而這句話重點在legal courts,可以從這裡找資料，後面別理他了for開頭所帶出來的是一組副詞子句，注意，這裡的『for＝because』，既然是因果解釋我自然不在在看下去了。再來往下都請忽略，因為These documents，" Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie，Roman law，Anglo-Saxon 這種怪異的名詞出來就表示在做舉例了，但是我第二段只看一句話，會有點危險，因為我會不知道接下來第三段是怎們連接的，而且看到一個句內轉折，所以我在補看一小句話，, but it has still been possible to glean information from the study of legal documents. 結尾是說法律上的資料還是不錯用，喔喔那這樣就是延續第一段給的結論，好的那第二段的文題又是啥呢？這就簡單了，就是給個方法，然後給舉例支持這個方法，做後下結論乎應第一段講的是對的，P1是對的！！

 

接下來到了大三段，開頭給個轉折，又是第一句，必看無疑！！
 

The extraction of case histories is not, however, the only use to which court records may be put. 裡面提到not the only use to，所以下來可能就補充其他用途，所以這著往下看他道理還有哪些功能，Historians who study preindustrial Europe have used the records to establish a series of categories of crime and to quantify indictments that were issued over a given number of years. 看到了！！第一：可以建立分類，第二：量化數據。往下

 

This use of the records does yield some information about the nonelite, but this information gives us little insight into the mental lives of the nonelite. 這裡也不要去理他了，代名詞啊。

 

ㄅ：We also know that the number of indictments in preindustrial Europe bears little relation to the number of actual criminal acts, and we strongly suspect that the relationship has varied widely over time.

ㄆ: In addition, aggregate population estimates are very shaky, which makes it difficult for historians to compare rates of crime per thousand in one decade of the preindustrial period with rates in another decade.

這裡兩句話，這表示並列，這些內容必然呼應上面提到的東西，中間又沒轉折，所以跳過。直接看到結論

 

Given these inadequacies, it is clear why the case history use of court records is to be preferred.前半部說these inadequacies有缺漏這個代名詞應該是說上面的那兩句話吧，因為事複數型態，但我不管，他是也是表原因的副詞子句罷了，重點在後面it is clear why the case history use of court records is to be preferred，說明結果大家還是偏愛法律事件

 

我敢保正接下來的七題全都用秒殺的

 

第一題：

問到1950's前歷史學家都在幹嗎，開頭的主題句是給1950's他們做了什麼改變，就是這個圖解中的第一行拉，以前都關注那兩趴三趴的菁英，現在開始注意到更多人了，立馬秒殺，選（Ｄ）

 

第二題：

這裡就是細節題的問法而已，所以關鍵字extracted對應剛剛第三段第一句話，這個我們剛剛也有看過，但是他只介紹說還有其他方式，所以要再往下一句話看，不是沒關係剛剛也看過了，就是categories  and  quantify這兩個字對應到apportioned justice，都是分的概念，選（Ｂ）

 

第三題：

幹，超喜歡這種砍瓜切菜這種解題容易的快感。接下來推理題問到nonelite，more illuminating，要更加說清楚講明白，那就是剛剛把那個麻煩給處理掉啊，剛剛P1的重點，recorded their thoughts這個問題移除即可，選（Ｃ）

 

第四題：

這是修詞目的題，直接進解題三步驟。第一：判斷論點論據，Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents to extract case histories,這位老兄他做啥事情我不關心，因為我要看的是那個such as這個表示舉例的邏輯字而且還是支持，既然是舉例，所以這個就是論據了，再來such as 是正面支持的（第二部：判斷支持或否定），所以等等選項絕不會有反對這句話的字眼出現，最後第三部：看論點主幹，既然論據出來了，就往前找論點囉，往後你是找不到的因為This use of the records....這代名詞出現表示在做前面的補充，所以他對我們題目指定的句子負責，當作果來使用，但是我題目是問你為啥要有這句話，所以只能往上看找原因，也就是論點，所以啊P3的內容就是我要的了，『其他使用方式』，選（Ａ）

 

第五題：

這題也是細節題，所以找關鍵字，indictments for crime in Europe對原文，We also know that the number of indictments in preindustrial Europe bears little relation to the number of actual criminal acts, and we strongly suspect that the relationship has varied widely over time.數量彼此沒任何關係，並且改變很大。所以我也只能選（Ｃ）了

 

第六題：

他要比較crime rates那是關鍵字了，所以會對應到原文的In addition, aggregate population estimates are very shaky, which makes it difficult for historians to compare rates of crime per thousand in one decade of the preindustrial period with rates in another decade.，把『南』拿掉就不『難』拉，所以就是不要有estimates are very shaky,的情況即可，這句的的主幹是aggregate population所以找一個跟人數有關的，選（Ｃ），直接給你真實數據

 

第七題：

第七題考雙語幼稚園小朋友都會的單字，在結構圖的最後一個『like』，有喜好之分表示有傾向，選（Ｂ）

 

 

比較麻煩的事四，五，六題，他們都要另外再找句子去對應，其他題都是事前準備完了就可以秒殺了，以上個人筆記希望有幫助到大家，有誤再請指教!!  


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