熱血背包客莊ㄟ

拿到考題前先進行各段主題句的筆記：

Petroleum, consisting of crude oil and natural gas, seems to originate from organic matter in marine sediment. 

P1: 石油來自海中有機物，講『起源』

Continued sedimentation-the process of deposits` settling on the sea bottom-buries the organic matter and subjects it to higher temperatures and pressures, which convert the organic matter to oil and gas.

P2: 埋海底，有高壓高溫，講『形成』

Oil pools are valuable underground accumulations of oil, and oil fields are regions underlain by one or more oil pools. 

P3: pool石油存放點，講『油在哪』

As oil becomes increasingly difficult to find, the search for it is extended into more-hostile environments. 

P4: 往harsh區找油

Of course, there is far more oil underground than can be recovered.

P5: 儲量>>取量

Moreover, getting petroleum out of the ground and from under the sea and to the consumer can create environmental problems anywhere along the line.

P6: 有害環境

推測：石油起源講到去哪找再講用量，最再說取用後的危害

build up / pile up / rack up  / accumulate / store / hoard / accure / collect / compile / concentrate / amass 

ANS:

關鍵字是petroleum formation，對應originate from好險這裡有對應點，不然這類問何者為真，這就表示題目已經轉成『是非題』了，要先看選項在看文章，會變得很麻煩

（Ａ）og生的

（Ｂ）開始時要氧氣

（Ｃ）og+海物＝石油...這組配方如果成立，就等於剛剛第一段的主題句白寫了，請刪除

（Ｄ）石油始於有機海物，這就是開頭主題句，筆記也有紀錄

題目提到formation=文章中originate from，所以後面的內容其實就可以直接的選（Ｄ）了，好險不是『是非題』
 

ANS:

題目問到段與段之間的關係，入門的方式就是看這兩段的頭跟尾都看過之後再去想他們之間有啥供通點，所以會需要文章中的

Petroleum, consisting of crude oil and natural gas, seems to originate from organic matter in marine sediment. Microscopic organisms settle to the seafloor and accumulate in marine mud. The organic matter may partially decompose, using up the dissolved oxygen in the sediment. As soon as the oxygen is gone, decay stops and the remaining organic matter is preserved.

Continued sedimentation-the process of deposits` settling on the sea bottom-buries the organic matter and subjects it to higher temperatures and pressures, which convert the organic matter to oil and gas. As muddy sediments are pressed together, the gas and small droplets of oil may be squeezed out of the mud and may move into sandy layers nearby. Over long periods of time (millions of years), accumulations of gas and oil can collect in the sandy layers. Both oil and gas are less dense than water, so they generally tend to rise upward through water-saturated rock and sediment.

再去頭去尾後，根據紅字的主幹去做一個連結，發現第二段開頭有個Continued連結點，這個字是繼續的意思，所以表示遞進，因此回看選項（Ｂ） explain why表因果，（Ｃ）provide evidence 論點論據分析，（Ｄ）show也表是論點論據，所以只有（Ａ）沒有任何邏輯特徵，再加上他後面的sedimentation就成關鍵了，就是解說石油怎麼來（ originate from ），然後怎麼層積。直接＝how petroleum is formed，選（Ａ）

ANS:

句字改寫不二法門就是主幹＋邏輯，

Continued sedimentation-the process of deposits` settling on the sea bottom-buries the organic matter and subjects it to higher temperatures and pressures, which convert the organic matter to oil and gas.

當中-the process of deposits` settling on the sea bottom-這個屬於岔入句，而且是個不完整句，所以是個同位語修飾前方的名詞sedimentation，因此自然不會是主幹了，這裡就先不看，然後and是『並列』邏輯關係詞，所以等等文章結構上and後方的內容要跟buries是同時發生的，最後後方來個which....的關係代名詞，既然是關係代名詞子句，他的不完整句結構使得這個句子是個形容詞子句，用來修飾名詞的，然後這裡有個『逗點』出現在which前方，表示這個, which convert the organic matter to oil and gas.扮演的角色是『關係代名詞非限定用法當形容詞修飾前方的句子當中所描述的整件事件』，因此which可以當作『而這件事』翻譯，既然這樣衝著他是形容詞子句用來修飾用的，所以我也是先放一邊，有需要再說

接著分析到subjects it to這片與在翻譯上叫做使...服從於，有點文言文，翻白話一點就是『叫某人是做某事』，把『某物放到某狀態』，所以這裡就變成：把『它』處在高溫高壓下，有趣的是要來分析『它』到底是誰，因此代名詞的定義就促使我們必須往前找到一個對應的名詞了，所以it= the organic matter，因為找最近的，而且不可能去代替插入句的內容，因為是次要訊息，不在同一層邏輯關係中，然後也不可能代替Continued sedimentation因為and出現使主詞共用，所以只能是it= the organic matter，整理一下：

Continued sedimentation subjects the buried organic matter to higher temperatures and pressures, which convert the organic matter to oil and gas. （buried當成形容詞修飾organic matter）要找有這三個紅字內容都有的，只有（Ｃ）並且他符合邏輯層次，（Ｃ）只是用from去讓句子從組而已，邏輯維持不變

6.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about gushers?

ANS:

inferred是推理題標誌詞，然後關鍵字是gushers，回原文看到Although this rise of oil is almost always carefully controlled today, spouts of oil, or gushers, were common in the past.當中有個今日和過去的比較，這是推理題的基本題型，叫做『時間對比』，在文章中時間點的出現並定會伴隨變化，這個變化表示不一樣，這個不一樣多半在托福文章中都以對比的方式呈現，以利推理題的正確性，因為可以這麼想，現在是早上九點，超值全餐十點半之後才提供，而我決定中午要吃大麥克餐，這表示時間還沒到我就不會去吃大麥克餐，這裡對比較變成九點不能吃大麥克ＶＳ. 中午吃大麥克，這就是托福推理題時間對比題型的基本概念，所以gushers, were common in the past.這句話來說，那就表示today=not common，秒殺（Ｄ）

7.Which of the following strategies for oil exploration is described in paragraph 4?

ANS:

關鍵字找到鑽油的戰略策略strategies for oil exploration，加上對剛剛第四段主題句的筆記還有點印象，所以這個戰略就是『往嚴峻地區找油』可是發現這個細節題好像沒有要讓我那麼容易拿到分數，因為這裡的harsh environments，在題目選項找不到，但是就答案方向是要找一個跟『area』能夠做類比的字眼，所以我的候選人可能會是（Ａ）的the ocean`s surface，只有這選項提到『地點』，接者往下看，是否有海洋之類的東西來做觀點上的支持，發現有：even though offshore drilling is six to seven times more expensive than drilling on land.這題就是要對段落的主題句有感覺才不會被題目誤導，答案確定為（Ａ）

8.What does the development of the Alaskan oil field mentioned in paragraph 4 demonstrate?

ANS:

對應：The development of the oil field on the North Slope of Alaska and the construction of the Alaska pipeline are examples of the great expense and difficulty involved in new oil discoveries.這個後面給的訊息是很大的開銷和難度，所以看選項中有提到這兩個之中的其中一個就是答案了，就選跟『錢』有關的（Ｂ）

9.The word "sloping" in the passage is closest in meaning to

傾斜的(adj.) sloping / inclining / leaning / slanting / oblique / skew

傾向(n.) leaning / disposition / inclination / penchant / propensity / proclivity / tendency  

10.According to paragraph 5, the decision to drill for oil depends on all of the following factors EXCEPT

ANS:

沒辦法『是非題』，這個也別浪費時間去分析到底是哪些factors了，由選項回推比較實在

（Ａ）可進入油區

（Ｂ） 油量夠

（Ｃ）市場

（Ｄ）政治

一一對應回去會發現：
It may be in a pool too small or too far from a potential market to justify the expense of drilling. ＝（Ｃ）

Some oil lies under regions where drilling is forbidden, such as national parks or other public lands. ＝（Ａ）

Even given the best extraction techniques, only about 30 to 40 percent of the oil in a given pool can be brought to the surface. ＝（Ｂ）

所以就是只有（Ｄ）沒有

11.The word "foul" in the passage is closest in meaning to

上面四個選項只有（Ｃ）是明確的負向字。

foul / polluted / contaminated / fetid / filthy / hateful / sleasy / nasty / putrid / rotten / vile / vicious  
 

12.In paragraph 6, the author`s primary purpose is to

ANS:

段落是的修詞目的題，就是保留頭跟尾，中間內臟去除，

Moreover, getting petroleum out of the ground and from under the sea and to the consumer can create environmental problems anywhere along the line. Pipelines carrying oil can be broken by faults or landslides, causing serious oil spills. Spillage from huge oil-carrying cargo ships, called tankers, involved in collisions or accidental groundings (such as the one off Alaska in 1989) can create oil slicks at sea. Offshore platforms may also lose oil, creating oil slicks that drift ashore and foul the beaches, harming the environment. Sometimes, the ground at an oil field may subside as oil is removed. The Wilmington field near Long Beach, California, has subsided nine meters in 50 years; protective barriers have had to be built to prevent seawater from flooding the area. Finally, the refining and burning of petroleum and its products can cause air pollution. Advancing technology and strict laws, however, are helping control some of these adverse environmental effects.

但是這裡出現有些標誌詞，有moreover，又有finally這表示上面已經出現舉例了，沒注意到examples的那個『Ｓ』就輸了，這裡這段在繼續舉例下去，所以只有（Ａ） provide examples符合moreover和finally的含義，假設疑心病重就看到最後一句，Advancing technology and strict laws, however, are helping control some of these adverse environmental effects.這說到環境問題了，因為舉例就是要對結論最呼應才能維持文章的連貫，選（Ａ）

13. 

Continued sedimentation-the process of deposits` settling on the sea bottom-buries the organic matter and subjects it to higher temperatures and pressures, which convert the organic matter to oil and gas. （Ａ）As muddy sediments are pressed together, the gas and small droplets of oil may be squeezed out of the mud and may move into sandy layers nearby.（Ｂ） Over long periods of time (millions of years), accumulations of gas and oil can collect in the sandy layers. （Ｃ）Both oil and gas are less dense than water, so they generally tend to rise upward through water-saturated rock and sediment. （Ｄ）

Oil pools are valuable underground accumulations of oil, and oil fields are regions underlain by one or more oil pools. 

插入句：Unless something acts to halt this migration, these natural resources will eventually reach the surface.

ANS:

看到代名詞this migration，, these natural resource所以看看哪修選項附近有這兩個代名詞，只有（Ｃ）（Ｄ）有移動的描述tend to rise upward through water-saturated rock，然後在看到題幹的eventually答案就可以確定是（Ｄ）了，因為最後，選項前面的提升是『打算』，一般邏輯來說都是先有計畫才會行動，而行動的描述部份還有個副詞eventually做加強

14. 文章小結

前導句："Petroleum" is a broad term that includes both crude oil and natural gas.

ANS:

A. Petroleum formation is the result of biological as well as chemical activity.

對應一開始對文章主題句做的筆記P1: 石油來自海中有機物，講『起源』並且和第二題的起源對應，還有第四題的那個文章改些呼應，這就是個化學反應過程

B. The difficulty of finding adequate sources of oil on land has resulted in a greater number of offshore drilling sites.

四段主題句P4: 往harsh區找油，加上第七題第八題

C. Petroleum extraction can have a negative impact on the environment.

對應主題句P6: 有害環境，三個都選完了就換下一篇繼續努力

D. Petroleum tends to rise to the surface, since it is lower in density than water.

問題出在since後方，這題講到密度去了，但是他是出現在第二段的地方，但是第二段的主旨是介紹一組石油的化學反應（第四題），所以此題談到密度去就不理會。

E.  Current methods of petroleum extraction enable oil producers to recover about half of the world`s petroleum reserves.

跟油量有關連的事第五段，但是第五段講的是油量很多有些不能取用，有些難以取用，跟黃色的recover完全不相關

F. Accidents involving oil tankers occur when tankers run into shore reefs or collide with other vessels.

剛剛筆記內容跟考題完全沒看到油箱，直接刪除，因為筆記沒有，題目有沒有出現過，表示這個是非常非常次要的信息，連ＥＴＳ的出題老頭都不想看的內容

答案：(A)(B)(C)

結論：配合兩分鐘內把各段主題句筆記先做好，然後配合題目去對文章，大概只要讀一半的文章就可以做完題目了，總做題時間如果腦子清晰的話一篇十五分鐘是沒問題的，管他考什麼，重點還是在結構上的分析