拿到考題前先進行各段主題句的筆記：
The earliest discovered traces of art are beads and carvings, and then paintings, from sites dating back to the Upper Paleolithic period.
P1: 點出最早的藝術是啥？？做時間上標注（when）
The researchers Peter Ucko and Andree Rosenfeld identified three principal locations of paintings in the caves of western Europe
P2: 洞穴畫有『三』處，介紹地點（where）
The subjects of the paintings are mostly animals
P3: 動物，點出畫啥？(what)
The particular symbolic significance of the cave paintings in southwestern France is more explicitly revealed, perhaps, by the results of a study conducted by researchers Patricia Rice and Ann Paterson.
P4: 沒什麼重點，因為看到particular所以在講特別的事情，特例之處無法以偏概全，因此判斷這段落已經在進入細節了，沒有略讀的必要
Upper Paleolithic art was not confined to cave paintings.
P5: 產品具有多樣性
推測：文章大概往洞畫的定義去著手，探討像是時間，地點，物件，又具多樣性的認知，如何說服讀者
A. considerable
B. surprising
C. limited
D. adequate
considerable / substantial / sizeable
A. It is much older than painting in Australia.
B. It is as much as 28,000 years old.
C. It is not as old as painting in southern Africa.
D. It is much more than 30,000 years old.
ANS:
關鍵字是painting in Europe，就推理題來說會有跟他類似屬性的東西，所以目標瞄準有painting字樣的句子，而且還要具有區域限定，向本題幹說歐洲，因此可以往亞洲，非洲，美洲，綠洲等字眼去標定，推理題考的就是給Ａ的訊息去回答出Ｂ來
對應到：Some of those slabs appear to have been painted as much as 28,000 years ago, which suggests that painting in Africa is as old as painting in Europe這題也出的很佛心，suggest就是對等題目的support，所以看看有沒有比較對象囉，有了非洲ＶＳ歐洲，然後他們提供的訊號是as old as，所以秒選（Ｂ），而且剛剛一開始的筆記在第一段的重點是講到時間，也可以由此增加信心。
A. major
B. likely
C. well protected
D. distinct
principal / major / primary / chief / cardinal
A. The paintings were located where many people could easily see them, allowing groups of people to participate in the magical-religious activities.
B. Upper Paleolithic people shared similar beliefs with contemporary peoples who use paintings of animals in their magical-religious rituals.
C. Evidence of magical-religious activities has been found in galleries immediately off the inhabited areas of caves.
D. The paintings were found in hard-to-reach places away from the inhabited parts of the cave.
ANS:
paintings， magical-religious activities抓住這兩組字，回看原文對應到：whose difficulty of access has been interpreted by some as a sign that magical-religious activities were performed there.所以difficulty of access=hard-to-reach（Ｄ）就被選走了，這題只是文字多嚇死人而已，難度其實跟單字題差不多
A. conditions
B. problems
C. influences
D. decorations
trap / pitfall....(n.) 陷阱
trappings / decoration / garnishment / embellishment / adornment / ornamentation....(n.) 裝飾
trappings / attire / garment / garb / apparel...(n.) 服裝
6."Perhaps, like many contemporary peoples, Upper Paleolithic men and women believed that the drawing of a human image could cause death or injury, and if that were indeed their belief, it might explain why human figures are rarely depicted in cave art. "
A. Upper Paleolithic people, like many contemporary peoples, believed that if they drew a human image in their cave art, it would cause death or injury.
B. Many contemporary people believe that the drawing of a human image can cause death or injury, so they, like Upper Paleolithic people, rarely depicted human figures in their cave art.
C. If Upper Paleolithic people, like many contemporary peoples, believed that the drawing of a human image could cause death or injury, this belief might explain why human figures are rarely depicted in cave art.
D. Although many contemporary peoples believe that the drawing of a human image can cause death or injury, researchers cannot explain why Upper Paleolithic people rarely depicted human figures in their cave art.
ANS:
先刪沒必要的內容，抓主幹，邏輯：
Perhaps, like many contemporary peoples（兩逗點之間的不完整子句視為同位語，先不予理會，而且他也是介系詞片語）, Upper Paleolithic men and women believed that the drawing of a human image（介系詞先不理會） could cause death or injury, and if that were indeed their belief, it might explain why human figures are rarely depicted in cave art.看來看去就是給一個if的條件句下去，然後再加上因果關係而已，但是這裡黃標的that是代名詞，代替前面believed後面接的名詞子句內容，所以本段可以簡化成：if Upper Paleolithic men and women believed that the drawing of a human image could cause death or injury, it might explain why human figures are rarely depicted in cave art.我覺得這個可以殺選（Ｃ）了，只是在考代名詞運用而已，其他根本沒改。
7.According to paragraph 3, scholars explained chips in the painted figures of animals by proposing that
A. Upper Paleolithic artists used marks to record the animals they had seen
B. the paintings were inspired by the need to increase the supply of animals for hunting
C. the artists had removed rough spots on the cave walls
D. Upper Paleolithic people used the paintings to increase their luck at hunting
ANS:
老樣子修辭目的題（rhetorical purpose），找到關鍵字，chips找到：This theory is suggested by evidence of chips in the painted figures, perhaps made by spears thrown at the drawings. 但為何會是修詞目的題呢？因為題幹出現by proposing that就是說我給你一個訊息是為了讓你知道殺小，而就修詞目的提來說判斷論點論據很重要，而本句中出現evidence，表示一個論據，因此答案也就是論點一定要往前找，這是根據線性邏輯關係去推斷的，而且evidence是個正面支持觀點的字，因為你要說論點：金城武很帥，論據：他在伯朗大道騎車，樹下喝茶很帥，你不可能舉個反例吧，說金城武很帥是因為他在伯朗大道騎腳踏車自摔壘田。理由二：另外也可從看到this theory是個代名詞，可以大膽斷定文章前面就是關鍵，
所以目標就是要來找論點囉，往上句看： Another explanation for the focus on animals might be that these people sought to improve their luck at hunting.這綠色部分跟（Ｄ）選項很像就大膽選了。沒啥好猶豫的。
8.Why does the author mention that Upper Paleolithic cave art seemed to have "reached a peak toward the end of the Upper Paleolithic period, when the herds of game were decreasing"?
A. To argue that Upper Paleolithic art ceased to include animals when herds of game became scarce
B. To provide support for the idea that the aim of the paintings was to increase the supply of animals for hunting
C. To emphasize the continued improvement in the quality of cave art throughout the Upper Paleolithic period
D. To show the direct connection between the decrease in herds of game and the end of the Upper Paleolithic period
ANS:
這個有反白句是最道地的修詞目的題了，題目問why，表示要找因果關係，文章的反白句位置給找出來，然夠進入修詞目的三部曲，因為你也不用去定位了，電腦都幫你反白處理好了，電腦不只可以幫你煮花生，還可以幫你找文章關鍵句，所以第一：判斷論點論據，由the end of the Upper Paleolithic period, when the herds of game were decreasing這裡他給時間，所以是個具體論據，因為你給出時間就表示論點說明殺小，然後在給上一個案發時間去支持論點，所以目光請往前掃，接下來進入第二部：判斷正負邏輯關係，有個seems to 出現而已，沒有轉折，所以是順向邏輯，此時回看答案選項，如果出現負向詞的選項就可以跟他說謝謝再聯絡了，完了全都順向邏輯，那接下來只能繼續看下去了，第三步：抓住論點句的主幹，剛剛判斷完論據之後，就可以知道論點位置了：Perhaps the paintings were inspired by the need to increase the supply of animals. 眼神一掃，喔原來是想要增加庫存啊，選（Ｂ）
9.According to paragraph 4, scholars believe that wild cattle, horses, and mammoths are the animals most frequently portrayed in cave paintings for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:
A. These animals were difficult to hunt because their unpredictable behavior.
B. People preferred these animals for their meat and for their skins.
C. The painters admired the beauty of these large animals.
D. People feared these animals because of their size and speed.
ANS:
這種題目很討厭，只能選項看完去對照對錯了，等於是做四題是非題，他媽卻是一題選擇題的分數。
（Ａ）difficult to hunt / unpredictable
（Ｂ） for meat / skin
（Ｃ）admired the beauty
（Ｄ）feared
以上大致抓完個選項的主軸之後就來找文章內容了，由剛剛wild cattle, horses, and mammoths可以快速對應到以下幾句
For example, wild cattle (bovines) and horses are portrayed more often than we would expect by chance, probably because they were larger and heavier (meatier) than other animals in the environment. 感覺沒屁用，白讀了，跳過，但是這裡給出個關鍵，既然有for example就有觀點說明所以往上看是必要的，因此The data they present suggest that the animals portrayed in the cave paintings were mostly the ones that the painters preferred for meat and for materials such as hides.賓果拉，（Ｂ）刪除。望下看有個in addition，表示要繼續看下去有續集的意思。
In addition, the paintings mostly portray animals that the painters may have feared the most because of their size, speed, natural weapons such as tusks and horns, and the unpredictability of their behavior. 可以確定（Ａ）（Ｄ）是對的，不選，所以只剩下（Ｃ）
10.According to paragraph 4, which of the following may best represent the attitude of hunters toward deer and reindeer in the Upper Paleolithic period?
A. Hunters did not fear deer and reindeers as much as they did large game animals such as horses and mammoths.
B. Hunters were not interested in hunting deer and reindeer because of their size and speed.
C. Hunters preferred the meat and hides of deer and reindeer to those of other animals.
D. Hunters avoided deer and reindeer because of their natural weapons, such as horns.
ANS:
根據黃色字線報，循線文章內容找到：That is, mammoths, bovines, and horses are portrayed more often than deer and reindeer. 這個事實就是，獵人不太愛畫鹿隻，所以因此跟剛剛前一題所提到的
（Ａ）difficult to hunt / unpredictable
（Ｂ） for meat / skin
（Ｄ）feared
取反即可破關拉，選到（Ａ）這個跳題做會很慘
11.According to paragraph 4, what change is evident in the art of the period following the Upper Paleolithic?
A. This new art starts to depict small animals rather than large ones.
B. This new art ceases to reflect the ways in which people obtained their food.
C. This new art no longer consists mostly of representations of animals.
D. This new art begins to show the importance of hunting to the economy.
ANS:
這個要抓句change的語意，它存在我深深的腦海裡，change表示隨著時間的推進有所變化，注重在變化，換言之整個文章在描述變化的話說到以前怎樣怎樣，可是現在怎樣怎樣，這裡的『可是』就是關鍵了，那在英文中最常用於表達『可是』的就是『昔尬昔』，轉折拉～～所以直接對準第四段找到：But in that period, when getting food no longer depended on hunting large game animals (because they were becoming extinct), the art ceased to focus on portrayals of animals.主幹就是停止畫動物了，所以（Ｃ）選起來就可以按右上角『next』了，不過這裡有個邏輯上的陷阱，選項（Ａ）說到畫小動物而不在畫大動物，這裡雖是屬於文章沒提到小動物不選，但我覺得ETS再考邏輯跳耀的錯誤，因為一般來說我停止畫動物，要先確認是不是已經停止了，我們才能繼續往下說下一件事情，而（Ａ）就是犯了這個沒有『按確認鍵』的錯誤，直接跳到說是在畫小動物，中間跳了一層。
12.According to paragraph 5, which of the following has been used as evidence to suggest that Upper Paleolithic people were capable of complex thought and conscious awareness of their environment?
A. They engraved animal figures on the shafts of spears and other objects.
B. They may have used engraved signs to record the phases of the Moon.
C. Their figurines represented the human female in exaggerated form.
D. They may have used figurines to portray an ideal type or to express a desire for fertility.
ANS:
這個看到capable of complex就可以先知道文章句子在哪了，但是要注意有個evidence這個又是掛著細節題皮的修詞目的題，所以重點不是在有capable of complex這句話上，而是要注意前後的句子間關係，因此再進入修辭目的題三部曲，
這裡對應文章句子是If this is true, it would mean that Upper Paleolithic people were capable of complex thought and were consciously aware of their environment.這是論點，除了would當線索之外，還可以從people were capable of complex thought這裡當線索，因為capable of complex他是個概念不是一個可以拿起來把玩或是具體說明事情的東西，因此視為論點，但是後面是In addition to other artworks已經在講其他事情了已經分段去了，沒辦法往後看，所以等等要往前找答案，但是最最能夠一槍斃命說服要從前方找答案依據是If this is true，這個代名詞this，表示前面的條件成立，我就可以得到接下來的論點（結論），所以往前看到 He believes that as far back as 30,000 B.C., hunters may have used a system of notation, engraved on bone and stone, to mark phases of the Moon.選（Ｂ）
13.
" Another explanation for the focus on animals might be that these people sought to improve their luck at hunting. （Ａ）This theory is suggested by evidence of chips in the painted figures, perhaps made by spears thrown at the drawings. （Ｂ）But if improving their hunting luck was the chief motivation for the paintings, it is difficult to explain why only a few show signs of having been speared. Perhaps the paintings were inspired by the need to increase the supply of animals. （Ｃ）Cave art seems to have reached a peak toward the end of the Upper Paleolithic period, when the herds of game were decreasing. （Ｄ）
The particular symbolic significance of the cave paintings in southwestern France is more explicitly revealed, perhaps, by the results of a study conducted by researchers Patricia Rice and Ann Paterson.
插入句：Therefore, if the paintings were connected with hunting, some other explanation is needed.
ANS:
出現代名詞the painting，然後又有other explanation，就『其他』解釋的關鍵點，就可以確定說前方一定有一個解釋，可是解釋失敗，才需要其他的來補充說明，而且配合插入句的另一個關鍵字the painting，所以（Ｃ）前面出現the paintings, it is difficult to explain，答案就是（Ｃ）了，做這類題型一定要先注意代名詞，就可以說是答對一半了
14. 文章小結
前導句：*Upper Paleolithic cave paintings in western Europe are among humanity’s earliest artistic efforts.*
ANS:
A. Researchers have proposed several different explanations for the fact that animals were the most common subjects in the cave paintings.
對應一開始對文章主題句做的筆記P3: 動物，點出畫啥？(what)，不選對不起自己
B. The art of the cultural period that followed the Upper Paleolithic ceased to portray large game animals and focused instead on the kinds of animals that people of that period preferred to hunt.
後面沒有後續表明說畫什麼了，對應11題。
C. Some researchers believe that the paintings found in France provide more explicit evidence of their symbolic significance than those found in Spain, southern Africa, and Australia.
除了more than這個邏輯詞之外，其他的內容抓主軸的時候是屬於第四段內容，後面西班牙什麼的根本沒講，但主要是本篇文章應該是討論painting到底有哪些特色，而沒有做個別的比較，這文章不是比較類型的文章，看到more than基本上就是接著說：下一位
D. The cave paintings focus on portraying animals without also depicting the natural environments in which these animals are typically found.
一樣對應第三段的主題句，但是後面補了沒有畫風景這件事使得答案走鐘了，文章小節是要跟著大架構走，所以第三段架構是講說我很多是在畫動物喔，所以應該要講說畫了哪些動物才能繼續使得文章達到連貫（coherence）但是這是小錯誤，因為他是修飾語的結構基本上可以不用看，但是決定性的錯誤是typically found，對應第9題都在畫他們怕的巨獸
E. Some researchers have argued that the cave paintings mostly portrayed large animals that provided Upper Paleolithic people with meat and materials.
這跟第三段主題句吻合P3: 動物，點出畫啥？(what)，而且剛剛有一個『是非題』第9題完全對應
F. Besides cave paintings, Upper Paleolithic people produced several other kinds of artwork, one of which has been thought to provide evidence of complex thought.
對應最後一段：Upper Paleolithic art was not confined to cave paintings. P5: 產品具有多樣性
答案：(A)(E)(F)
結論：配合兩分鐘內把各段主題句筆記先做好，然後配合題目去對文章，大概只要讀一半的文章就可以做完題目了，總做題時間如果腦子清晰的話一篇十五分鐘是沒問題的，管他考什麼，重點還是在結構上的分析
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