熱血背包客莊ㄟ

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第二段

Sampling on the continental shelves and along the base of the continental slopes has shown that fine muds beneath the seafloor contain up to 8 percent organic matter. Two additional kinds of evidence support the hypothesis that petroleum is a product of the decomposition of organic matter: oil possesses optical properties known only in hydrocarbons derived from organic matter, and oil contains nitrogen and certain compounds believed to originate only in living matter. A complex sequence of chemical reactions is involved in converting the original solid organic matter to oil and gas, and additional chemical changes may occur in the oil and gas evenafter they have formed. 

 

3.All of the following are cited in paragraph 2 as evidence that petroleum is a product of the decomposition of organic matter EXCEPT

A. the amount of organic matter found in layers of mud below the seafloor

B. the chemical changes that occur in oil and natural gas after they have formed

C. the optical properties of oil

D. the fact that oil contains nitrogen and other compounds believed to be of organic origin

It is now well established that petroleum migrates through aquifers and can become trapped in reservoirs. Petroleum migration is analogous to groundwater migration. When oil and gas are squeezed out of the shale in which they originated and enter a body of sandstone or limestone somewhere above, they migrate readily because sandstones (consisting of quartz grains) and limestones (consisting of carbonate minerals) are much more permeable than any shale. The force of molecular attraction between oil and quartz or carbonate minerals is weaker than that between water and quartz or carbonate minerals. Hence, because oil and water do not mix, water remains fastened to the quartz or carbonate grains, while oil occupies the central parts of the larger openings in the poroussandstone or limestone. Because oil is lighter than water, it tends to glide upward past the carbonate- and quartz-held water. In this way, oil becomes segregated from the water; when it encounters a trap, it can form a pool.

1. 所謂真正的名詞前面完全是乾淨的沒有東西除了冠詞或被你刪到最後這個句尾後面的名詞他前面剩下動詞，所以主幹即是保持Ｓ+V+O的結構
2. 如何刪掉不營養的東西，介詞+N他已經是形容詞了，which關係代名詞系列它的定義就是用來修飾解釋用的所以充其量只是輔助前方的先行詞，再來就是常見的分詞結構他可能是分詞構句或是關係代名詞的省略所構成的Ving/Ved +O, S+V+O,這個無頭的句子就是用後面Ｓ當主詞,老大都沒有了所以不重要。最後還有個Ｓ+V+O, Ｎ/adj~~~，完整句子後面莫名其妙還來個Ｎ/adj小樓樓跟班，其實說穿了他也是從(which is, who are)省略過來的，在此專家給他一個叫做同位語的術語，不用懷疑他也是修飾詞，當作前方的解釋說明，一般都是跟前方主幹劃上等號。所以綜觀以上有看到～1.介詞+N。2.關代。3. 分詞構句。4.同位語，除非每一個選項都把主幹寫得很完整使得你還要做另外的判斷，或是當2.關代。3. 分詞構句。4.同位語這三個放在句尾時表示一個結論時，不然，基本上其他情況請對他們視而不見，敬鬼神而遠之

Most of the petroleum that forms in sediments does not find a suitable trap and eventually makes its way, along with groundwater, to the surface of the sea. It is estimated that no more than 0.1 percent of all the organic matter originally buried in a sediment is eventually trapped in an oil pool. It is not surprising, therefore, that the highest ratio of oil and gas pools to volume of sediment is found in rock no older than 2.5 million years - young enough so that little of the petroleum has leaked away - and that nearly 60 percent of all oil and gas discovered so far has been found in strata that formed in the last 65 million years. This does not mean that older rocks produced less petroleum; it simply means that oil in older rocks has had a longer time in which to leak away.

1.找目標物：題目明顯的強詞是future petroleum discoveries，所以要找相關的詞that nearly 60 percent of all oil and gas discovered so far has been found in strata that formed in the last 65 million years，找到了so far時間對應future，60 percent of all oil and gas discovered對應物件petroleum discoveries

2.目標物的內容：found in strata that formed in the last 65 million years(近期65)

3.兩者關係：題目中的並沒有寫到比例，但是文章中有60 percent of all oil and gas，所以可能考察集合概念題（比例上的分配）或是時間對比，現在的石油60趴 VS.未來的石油幾趴，所以題目可能會問一個是趴數的變化，另一個可能會問來源的年份，但是目標物的內容只有formed in the last 65 million years，可以排除題目問趴數改變的可能性，所以題目再問有關年份的事情，找個概念有<65的答案就是了，因為has been found的關係，這個現在完成式表是從過去到現在還是如此的意思，過去到現在都是the last 65 million years，文中大致上說從過去到現在有60%的石油都是在小於六千五百萬年的地層中被發現，別小看時時態了，白話一點就是從6500百萬到今天至少是60%石油含量，這是參考點一，然後在找參考點二，從剛剛這個65百萬年的that找他的並列子句that the highest ratio of oil and gas pools to volume of sediment is found in rock no older than 2.5 million years - young enough so that little of the petroleum has leaked away，當中提到，no older than 2.5 million years，最年輕兩百五十萬，因為年輕沒有漏，所以時間點可以看到是最多的話兩百五，然後60%時候是6500，規律是越老油越少，這是考古證據所以恆定，未來跟現在都是一樣的，因此斷定（Ｂ）這答案。我們在做推理題時找關係是最麻煩的，有時候聽到廣告說學英文是二十小時的事情，不用背英文單字，因為台語也沒在被單字，他媽的這根本吃大便，他媽的台語是方言，不是外語，不會有文法上差異，只會有單字讀音上的差別。

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第五段

How much oil is there in the world? This is an extremelycontroversial question Many billions of barrels of oil have already been pumped out of the ground. A lot of additional oil has been located by drilling but is still waiting to be pumped out. Possibly a great deal more oil remains to be found by drilling. Unlike coal, the volume of which can be accurately estimated, the volume of undiscovered oil can only be guessed at. Guesses involve the use of accumulated experience from a century of drilling. Knowing how much oil has been found in an intensively drilled area, such as eastern Texas, experts make estimates of probable volumes in other regions where rock types and structures are similar to those in eastern Texas. Using this approach and considering all the sedimentary basins of the world, experts estimate that somewhere between 1,500 and 3,000 billion barrels of oil will eventually be discovered.

 

11.The phrase "is an extremely controversial question " in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. is a question of great importance

B. is a question causing strong disagreement

C. is a question that has existed for a long time

D. is a question composed of many related parts

 

這個很少考了，本質上跟單字題差不多題目中有個controversial表示“反”的意思，所以在選項中找個也是否定邏輯的就好了所以找到disagreement

 

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12.According to paragraph 5, eastern Texas is an example of a geologic region where

A. oil is located but has not yet been pumped out

B. experts accurately predicted the rock types and structures found there

C. the volume of oil can only be guessed at

D. intensive oil exploration has occurred over a long time

 

又是細節題：

細節四部帶入即可

第一招：定位Knowing how much oil has been found in an intensively drilled area, such as eastern Texas, experts make estimates of probable volumes in other regions where rock types and structures are similar to those in eastern Texas.黃字部分完全是題目改寫

第二招：找邏輯，such as 舉例就是支持，並且告訴你他such as是前方的舉例，所以要往前找答案，另位邏輯同向，連第三招的判斷邏輯正負也一起搞定了，舉例就是支持，不可能去說金城武很帥，然後舉例舉個金城武在伯朗大道騎腳踏車當自耕農（犁田，又或是摔車）的照片出來舉例吧

第四招：定位句主幹intensively drilled area答案選擇（Ｄ）確定？確定！標準答案

 

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Ａ[■] Sampling on the continental shelves and along the base of the continental slopes has shown that fine muds beneath the seafloor contain up to 8 percent organic matter. Ｂ [■] Two additional kinds of evidence support the hypothesis that petroleum is a product of the decomposition of organic matter: oil possesses optical properties known only in hydrocarbons derived from organicmatter, and oil contains nitrogen and certain compounds believed to originate only in living matter. Ｃ[■] A complex sequence of chemical reactions is involved in converting the original solid organic matter to oil and gas, and additional chemical changes may occur in the oil and gas even after they have formed. Ｄ[■]

It is now well established that petroleum migrates through aquifers and can become trapped in reservoirs. 

 

13.Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage

Because such muds are a major source of petroleum, scientists believe that petroleum originated as living organisms.

 

找關鍵詞：有because, such muds

第一：because帶入發現沒什麼屁用，因為他是句間關係的詞語，所以整個題目的插入句就是because所引導的副詞子句加上主要子句，他們已經自成一格了。

第二：such muds，such的出現跟代名詞一樣表示前方有提過，因此往前看可以靠到fine muds beneath the seafloor做對應，既然Ｂ空格很合適然後在看他後面的句子有沒有符合對應，所以在後面看到Two additional kinds of evidence support the hypothesis這剛好就對應題目中的scientists believe that

 

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Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage This question is worth 2 points. Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it. Petroleum, which includes both oil and natural gas, can be a gaseous, liquid, or semisolid substance

 

A.Petroleum comes from organic matter that has undergone a complex series of chemical changes under the seafloor

B.Although most of the petroleum formed leaks away into the ocean, some migrates from shale to sandstone or limestone, and is caught in pools

C.Porous rocks made of quartz or carbonate minerals are particularly likely to house oil pools because of their strong molecular attraction with oil

D.Petroleum forms best when organic matter is evenly distributed over a large area and does not exceed 8 percent of the material in the clay

E.More than 60 percent of the petroleum discovered so far has been found in rocks that are less than two-and-a-half million years old

F.It is difficult to estimate the total amount of petroleum in the world, but experts believe that 1,500-3,000 billion barrels will eventually be discovered

 

＠六選三，一定看引導句 Petroleum, which includes both oil and natural gas, can be a gaseous, liquid, or semisolid substance

＠解剖後 P(oil/gas)=固，液，氣，然後本題離不開5W1H(when，where，who，what，why，how)，所以抓完主幹之後再自己試問，假設可以解結你假設的問題他就是答案了1.Ｐ何時=固，液，氣 2.哪個地方有P(oil/gas) 3.誰有發現P(oil/gas) 4.什麼讓情況 P(oil/gas)=固，液，氣 5.為什麼Ｐ可形成 6. 如何使用Ｐ

＠請對前面13題留點印象

＠一定有一個正確選項來自最後一段，除非他跟最後一段描述相反

＠刪去法-有時候找出錯的答案，比找出對的答案簡單，因為對的答案會很精確毫無疑問，細節和細節間處理完美，但是錯誤答案可能隱藏至少兩三個錯誤點，所以相較之下比較多線索，找到一個錯誤就可以殺除了，以上相互使用可以很快解題

• Ａ.對應第三題chemical changes，還有第四題complex series，剛好跟預想的為什麼Ｐ可形成有關
• Ｂ.對應第五題shale to sandstone or limestone，第九題leak away
• Ｃ.because of their strong molecular attraction with oil這個不是第六題的答案直接跟bodies才對，然後題目也沒做過Porous
• Ｄ.原本講第一題的東西，但是這個8 percent 是第二段的數據拿來濫竽充數，對應第二題就知道這個錯了
• Ｅ.對應第十題年份錯誤65million才對，小於250萬年搞不好石油都還不是石油，還是一堆動物有機體勒
• Ｆ.剩下他不選也不行，對應最後一段最後一句，這個最後一段的最後一句是剛開始還沒開始做題本來就要看的前置動作，一般開始做提之前會先用一分半鐘以內的時間先將各段的第一句讀一遍還有特別加上坐後一段最後一句也要讀，並做上筆記才進行做題