熱血背包客莊ㄟ

Excavations at a Mayan site have uncovered jewelry workshops located some distance from the center of the site on roads radiating outward from the center. Since the nobility lived only in the area of the center, archaeologists conclude that these workshops made jewelry, not for the nobility, but for a middle class that must have been prosperous enough to afford it.

1. The archaeologists' argument assumes which of the following about the artisans who worked in the workshops'

(A) They were themselves prosperous members of a middle class.

(B) They lived near their workshops.

(C) Their products were not made from the same materials as was jewelry for the nobility.

(D) They worked full-time at making jewelry and did not engage in farming

(E) They did not take the jewelry they had made in the workshops to clients who were members of the nobility.

再來一題類似的，還是要針對文章的每個句子做分析，每個字都是重要的資訊，題目會給一小段話，這個就是小的argument，一定會遵循所謂的argument寫作規則，所以第一：argument=premises+conclusion，就是一個辯論一定是由數個前提加上一個結論組成，而這數個前提可能是對的可能是錯的，要自行判斷出跟結論有無關聯支持性的，這樣如此才會形成一個健康（sound）的argument，其中前提的定義就是要支持或提供立足點給結論的，而結論定義就是在這段辯論當中你相信的這件事情是真的的這個句子。第二：這也帶出了一個現象，往往前提會有所謂的不可爭論性，雖然不一定，但是很多的前提都會用證據來表示及呈現，然後用這些證據來支持你認為是對的事情（又稱個人觀點），所以這也是另一種形式：一個論辯＝觀點＋證據（論點＋論據）。好的，大概知道規則之後就開始解這題吧

本題要問的是『assumption』，他的意思就是這辯論當中，再加上去選項當中的這句話，能夠前提和結論之間無縫接軌，把連貫性連貫起來，這意味著原本文章中必定缺一個前提，而這個前提是因為作者『預設立場』的關係，所以更簡單的說，這類文章就是請找出作者不小心預設了什麼立場，注意注意！！並且『不』影響原本前提跟結論的敘述，也就是對敘述的保『真』性。

logic book style：

Premise1：Excavations at a Mayan site have uncovered jewelry workshops located some distance from the center of the site on roads radiating outward from the center.

Premise2：Since the nobility lived only in the area of the center

Conclusion：archaeologists conclude that these workshops made jewelry, not for the nobility, but for a middle class that must have been prosperous enough to afford it.

貴族不買帳是因為宅配問題，宅配最直接關係到地點，所以這珠寶是賣給中產bourgeois。他把買東西的習慣直接歸因到地點問題，地點是連貫點，前提一有個located，前提一有center，結論誒～～突然沒有，前提講完突然『地點』不見了，所以等等找個以地點為主的，其他先刪除。因此（Ａ），（Ｃ），（Ｄ）都掰了

(B) They lived near their workshops.

工匠住附近，所以有比較高的機會去買，對沒錯，但是因為這裡有個並列結構not A but B，雖然Ｂ是重點，解釋了Ｂ（artisan），但是沒貴族啊，沒有交代貴族都沒買，這選項是只有加強一半，並沒有把貴族額可能性踢掉，這樣結論的not for the nobility就不成立了，貴族他們可以自己跑過去買，住在市中心不等於不能去郊區玩，這也說明一件事情，考預設立場題是不能讓前提跟結論有問題。

(E) They did not take the jewelry they had made in the workshops to clients who were members of the nobility.

沒有宅配，沒辦法產地直送，也不給你買，只好當地自產自銷，因此貴族也拿不到了，然後來驗算一下，是否結論具有『保真』性（true preserving），讓結論變沈葆楨，前提便劉銘傳。雖然這個選項換成中產階級沒講，但是沒講表示『可能有』，而有講的部分是確保貴族拿不到，所以not for the nobility成立。

ＰＳ：或是可以利用『人物的對比』來做連貫性的依據，前提當中提到有貴族nobility，這裡不是『極速救援』所以在對應結論只提到中產階級，假設要排出貴族的可能性才能保持結論的正確性。

選（Ｅ）

我認為GRE的錯誤選項是定義上的問題，角色扮演上的錯誤，而不是翻譯內容上的瑕疵讓他產生錯誤，所以要從定義著手才是王道，以上個人筆記希望有幫助到大家，文章內容中英夾雜請見諒，有誤再請指教!!