GRE閱讀｜Immediately relevant to game theory are the sex ratios in certain parasitic wasp species that have a large excess of females @ 熱血背包客莊ㄟ

Immediately relevant to game theory are the sex ratios in certain parasitic wasp species that have a large excess of females. In these species, fertilized eggs develop into females and unfertilized eggs into males. A female stores sperm and can determine the sex of each egg she lays by fertilizing it or leaving it unfertilized. By Fisher‘s genetic argument that the sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted, it should pay a female to produce equal numbers of sons and daughters. Hamilton, noting that the eggs develop within their host—the larva of another insect—and that the newly emerged adult wasps mate immediately and disperse, offered a remarkably cogent analysis. Since only one female usually lays eggs in a given larva, it would pay her to produce one male only, because this one male could fertilize all his sisters on emergence. Like Fisher, Hamilton looked for an evolutionarily stable strategy, but he went a step further in recognizing that he was looking for a strategy.

1. The author suggests that the work of Fisher and Hamilton was similar in that both scientists

(A) conducted their research at approximately the same time

(B) sought to manipulate the sex ratios of some of the animals they studied

(D) studied game theory, thereby providing important groundwork for the later development of strategy theory

(E) studied reproduction in the same animal species

2. The passage contains information that would answer which of the following questions about wasps?

(A) How many eggs does the female wasp usually lay in a single host larva?

(B) Can some species of wasp determine sex ratios among their offspring?

3. Which of the following is NOT true of the species of parasitic wasps discussed in the passage?

(A) Adult female wasps are capable of storing sperm.

(B) Female wasps lay their eggs in the larvae of other insects.

(D) So few male wasps are produced that extinction is almost certain.

(E) Male wasps do not emerge from their hosts until they reach sexual maturity.

結構分析：

Immediately relevant to game theory are the sex ratios in certain parasitic wasp species that have a large excess of females. 魔鬼都藏在第一句裡面，第一句會提供所謂文章要討論的主軸，然後圍繞這一句話去想辦法讓文章延伸，添花亂墜，所以抓住第一句話的主幹，以助等等可以快速掃掠其他句子。第一句主幹：wasp，females符合漫威動畫的描述，這裡點出性別比例上的問題，女的佔大多數。

接下來In these species, fertilized eggs develop into females and unfertilized eggs into males.這個就算了，內容只有介紹有授精就女的，沒有就男的，這個判斷是否該看要看In these species出現代名詞，所以已經在做延伸了，這裡有題目考倒在看，剛開始抓主軸即可。雖然我知道文章討論的點了，但是我還不知道他要怎麼發展，到底是要一直順的說倒底女性是如何強大，還是沒有想像中的厲害，亦或是別之間的糾葛，情感上的糾纏，還是有第三者介入，我們還是得要繼續看下去。往下看到A female.....這句就別看了，因為沒轉哲詞，沒強調字，同樣都在講女性，所以跳過，我們於是來到第四句，這是重點就來了By Fisher‘s genetic argument，某人認為，哇這個重要，這個確定作者要用他的觀點，他認為性別比例如何來發展文章，下面可能就開始說，他說錯了，我覺得應該如何如何，或是沒錯他說對了，而且如何如何，別忘了這樣的形式作者已經悄悄的把它變成議論文了，所以接下來要看清楚，倒底有幾個對於性別比例的論點，可能是作者自己覺得如何，或是作者在繼續引用其他人的論點。此句話內容，不要看，我們只要確定文章寫作形式即可，這些細節看題目時再決定是否要看。

之後要看到Hamilton，所以作者搜集了兩組觀點了，一樣他後面的屁話都不要看，你的時間會被消耗掉，再來快速掃掠是否有轉折，或提他人觀點，沒的話就可以開始做題目了。

找到了在結尾有個小小的句內轉折，來看看他想講啥Like Fisher, Hamilton looked for an evolutionarily stable strategy, but he went a step further in recognizing that he was looking for a strategy.提到了兩個人他們有不同的研究方式，Ｆ是stable,但是Ｈ除了stable以外還更深入。那這樣結構圖應該是可以畫出來了。

第一題：

哈哈第一題，剛剛結構圖有畫的話就秒殺了，看最後一句，別懷疑就是看stable，就這樣摟，謝謝下一位。選（Ｃ）

第二題：

要找可以被回答的，這可能考細節了，看來要一個一個看

(A) How many eggs does the female wasp usually lay in a single host larva?

一次下多少蛋，這個好像沒看到具體多少，這不能看主幹沒提到就不能選，我們主幹是講比例，但是選項叫你找實際數字，兩者主幹不同，雖然這樣判斷常常會對，但是這是多選題，必須跟是非題一樣謹慎做題才行，這裡也是一樣要找到跟how many 對應的字眼再去讀，不然很浪費時間，所們找到有『量』的概念有

第一：By Fisher‘s genetic argument that the sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted, it should pay a female to produce equal numbers of sons and daughters.這講數量要一樣，沒有真正的數量，所以他不是

第二： Since only one female usually lays eggs in a given larva, it would pay her to produce one male only, because this one male could fertilize all his sisters on emergence.這裡唯一確定的就是一個男的配Ｎ個女的，
這叫『多Ｐ＋亂倫』，fertilize all his sisters，那個姐妹後面的『Ｓ』實在是太邪惡了，不過也沒看到真實數量，所以確定（Ａ）錯，不選

(B) Can some species of wasp determine sex ratios among their offspring?

是否可以決定性別，怎麼找會比較快呢，因為提到sex ratios跟後代，所以關鍵字喵一下剛剛選項（Ａ）有找過的，equal numbers of sons and daughters，所以表示可以決定了

這絕對是謎，這也是我想知道的，依照剛剛（Ａ）選項看過的第二句來看我只知道，男：女＝1 : N，還是不知道多少，所以你連approximate都推不出來。

選（Ｂ）

第三題：

麻煩了，考是非題，又要一個一個摳了。

(A) Adult female wasps are capable of storing sperm.

『存精』這個好像不是主幹的內容，先跳過

(B) Female wasps lay their eggs in the larvae of other insects.

蛋下在別的幼蟲上，這個跟主幹的性別比好像也沒直接關係，先跳過，而且剛剛結構畫好像也沒有看到類似的內容

哈哈這個絕對正確啊，剛剛那個亂倫的證據有說明了，所以他不選！！

(D) So few male wasps are produced that extinction is almost certain.