Although several ancient cultures practiced mummification, mummies from ancient Egypt are generally more well-preserved than mummies of similar antiquity from other cultures. One possible explanation for this difference is that the mummification techniques or material used by ancient Egyptians were better than those of other cultures. A second, more likely, explanation is that the extremely dry climate of ancient Egypt was largely responsible, given that dryness promotes the preservation of organic remains generally.

 

Which is the following provide the most support for the argument?

  A. The materials used by ancient Egyptians for mummification were not used by any other ancient culture that practiced mummification

  B. Some ancient Egyptian mummies are better preserved than other ancient Egyptian mummies form around the same time.

  C. No ancient people living in very damp areas practiced mummification.

  D. Bodies from ancient Egyptian tombs dating from before the practice of mummification began are almost as well preserved as ancient Egyptian mummies.

  E. Ancient mummies discovered in places other than Egypt have typically not been as well protected from the elements as ancient Egyptian mummies were.

 

要來解這種披著英文皮卻在考邏輯的考試,還是要針對文章的每個句子做分析,每個字都是重要的資訊,題目會給一小段話,這個就是小的argument,一定會遵循所謂的argument寫作規則,所以第一:argument=premises+conclusion,就是一個辯論一定是由數個前提加上一個結論組成,而這數個前提可能是對的可能是錯的,要自行判斷出跟結論有無關聯支持性的,這樣如此才會形成一個健康(sound)的論辯,因為前提的定義就是要支持或提供立足點給結論的,而結論定義就是在這段辯論當中你相信的這件事情是真的的這個句子。第二:這也帶出了一個現象,往往前提會有所謂的不可爭論性,雖然不一定,但是很多的前提都會用證據來表示及呈現,然後用這些證據來支持你認為是對的事情(又稱個人觀點),所以這也是另一種形式:一個論辯=觀點+證據(論點+論據)。好的,大概知道規則之後就開始解這題吧

 

本題要問的是『supprot支持』,他的意思就是這辯論當中,再加上去選項當中的這句話,還是表示支持,而且還加強argument的力道,並使得這個conclusion更完美,更有說服力,一刀斃命,並讓整個argument既是valid的,也是sound,注意:argument沒有對跟錯,只有好跟壞,support就是要讓argument好還要更好

 

分析:先搞成logic book style的形式

Premise1:One possible explanation for this difference is that the mummification techniques or material used by ancient Egyptians were better than those of other cultures.

Premise2:A second, more likely, explanation is that the extremely dry climate of ancient Egypt was largely responsible,

Premise3:given that dryness promotes the preservation of organic remains generally.

Conclusion:Although several ancient cultures practiced mummification, mummies from ancient Egypt are generally more well-preserved than mummies of similar antiquity from other cultures.

 

中文對照:

前提一:EG的M科技和材料比其他國好

前提二:EG極度乾燥

前提三:極度乾燥讓屍體好保存(難怪穿這牌的潮潮身體都不會發霉)

結論:讓步不能分開,他是條件型結論,他國有M,但是EG保存最好

再來就是把一些混淆視聽的東西去除,就是把irrelevancies,inconsisten,cross-references給找出來並調整,不過這裡不太需要去蕪存菁了,感覺上都滿精簡

 

分類完之後就是找連貫性(coherence),這裡連貫點就是一:科技和材料。二:乾燥,這兩個理由讓埃及能夠有高品質木乃伊,那考題考的是『加強』,加強的用意就是為結論提供更棒的理由,整組argument=premises+conclusion講得好,講的都是正確的,就是前提是真的,結論是真的,論辯是有可信度的且不可爭論的,所以最快的方式並且要有連貫性就是要對前提去做補充,例如前提一提到材料好,然後你要加強的話就要說,是啊很好啊,阿是好在哪裡,要對那個『好』去做延伸,然後前提二:是說極度乾燥,阿到底是有多乾燥,前提三:到底多好保存,其他多餘的內心劇場的假想都不要再去想了,必須要有這些前提之下去做延伸的段子才有意義,不然加入之後到時候再根據『logic book style』的原則,你加上的東西還是被刪掉了。

 

進入選項:

A. The materials used by ancient Egyptians for mummification were not used by any other ancient culture that practiced mummification這句話不就前提一的內容講一半而已啊,這裡只講到獨一無二,並沒有講到好是有多好,這就好像是一群人去買麵包吃,剛出爐的很新鮮很燙,所以每個人都直接手拿著就吃了,就只有一個人假設是同學A,同學A跟老闆要了衛生紙來墊著怕手髒,當大家吃完之後發現店門口有洗手台,但是沒有垃圾桶,假設同學A是個很有公德心的人,此時同學A原本那張特別,獨有的衛生紙,頓時不知道怎麼辦,一直拿在手上,他感覺一點也不好,所以『獨有並不是直接等價好』,這個基本上直接秒殺了,因為連貫性的問題,造成這個選項的Egyptians only,完全離題。....irrelevant twaddle 

 

B. Some ancient Egyptian mummies are better preserved than other ancient Egyptian mummies form around the same time. 自己比自己了,對應看看結論就知道那個better是講兩馬的事,這講等於是打槍結論,完全跑題....irrelevant twaddle 。理由二:這跟找方程式是一樣,我們如果找加強必定是要找『一對一且映成函數』,不能有一對多的情形發生,以此題來舉例,埃及M保存情況會有兩種,因為better本身就有比較兩種狀態或以上的含義,那你這樣如果在有連貫性的情形下,一兼二顧,答案發散,只會形成弱化『weaken』

 

C. No ancient people living in very damp areas practiced mummification. 濕地不做木乃伊,看上去跟前提沒對到,所以往結論做連結看看能否有連貫性,結論是EG的木乃伊保存很好,跟這個選項不相干,完全找不到『地點』的概念,這個地點不是只埃及跟他國的比較,而是他們在該國境內埋木乃伊的地方,請刪除....irrelevant twaddle 

 

D. Bodies from ancient Egyptian tombs dating from before the practice of mummification began are almost as well preserved as ancient Egyptian mummies.這就是替『前提三』有多乾去做補充舉例,在埃及這的地方有做跟沒做都好保存

 

答案(D)

 

PS:

E. Ancient mummies discovered in places other than Egypt have typically not been as well protected from the elements as ancient Egyptian mummies were.這只是前提一的等價改寫,沒有加強作用,頂多維持,你必須還要把the elements是啥講白才能有加強作用。

 

 

我認為GRE的錯誤選項是定義上的問題,角色扮演上的錯誤,而不是翻譯內容上的瑕疵讓他產生錯誤,所以要從定義著手才是王道,以上個人筆記希望有幫助到大家,文章內容中英夾雜請見諒,有誤再請指教!! 

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