Recent scholarship has questioned the naturalness of tropical forests around the world. Archaeologists have shown, for example, that the largest contiguous tract of what was thought to be virgin rain forest in the southern Amazon had been transformed into a cultural parkland before European contact, and many of the forest islands in West Africa's savanna forest transition zone are anthropogenic as well.
近期的學術成就已經對全世界熱帶雨林的自然本質提出質疑。例如:考古學家已經揭露出這個一大片被視為南亞馬遜未開發的雨林,原來在歐洲踏上此地之前已經變成文化村了,而且在西非大草原森林過渡區裡很多的雨林島嶼也是人工的
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He was never impetuous ;he was nothing if not circumspect, so he forbore for the present to declare his passion 
他從不衝動,也就是說他如果不謹慎的話他就是魯蛇,所以他忍住不去發洩他的情緒
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The question of when, if ever, history can be considered apolitical is contentious,to say the least. One could argue, for example,that any evaluation of the 180-year-old presidency of Andrew Jackson would likely be free from the controversies that define evaluations of more contemporaneous political leaders, and yet a plethora of passionately held views continues to polarize. The subjectivity of any one judgment is perhaps the one certainty surrounding the issue.

事情可以這麼說,有關於在哪個時間點,如果有的話,歷史可以不考慮政治因素的問題實在是難以下定論。例如,有人說任何一個對於180年前安卓傑克森的總統任期的評價來說應該可以免於那些來自評斷眾多同期的政治領袖的評比所產生的爭議,然而一大堆強烈支持傑克森的總統任期的觀點卻開始持續的轉往反對的另一端。任何一個主觀判斷也許就是一個表示對這個議題的呼應,真正存在著爭議性(因為各持所見,所以依舊沒共識)

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The editorial, though intended to impugn the current administration, inadvertently substantiated several claims made against the regime suggested as a preferable alternative, effectively castrating any plans for a change in leadership.
這篇社論原本只打算抨擊當局,但沒想到還真的驗證了一些用來反對當局視為可行的替代政權的言論是對的,有效打擊任何為了改變領導層級的計畫
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Most psychologists, perplexed by the feelings they acknowledge are aroused by aesthetic experience, have claimed that these emotions are genuine, but different in kind from nonaesthetic emotions. This, however, is a descriptive dsitinction rather than an empirical observation and consequently lacks explanatory value. On the other hand, Gombrich argues that emotional responses to art are ersatz; art triggers remembrances of previously experienced emotions. These debates have prompted the psychologist Radford to argue that people do experience real melancholy or joy in responding to art, but that these areirrational responses precisely because people know they are reacting to illusory stimuli.
絕大多數的心理學家對於藉由美學經歷所喚起的一種她們所公認的感受感到困惑,他們聲稱這些情緒是真的,是跟非美學所帶動的情緒是不一樣的。然而這只是描述性的差別而不是經驗得來的觀察而最後是缺乏了解釋的價值。另一方面來說,貢布七說道情緒反應到藝術上是"假的",是眼睛業障重,因為是藝術驅動了先前經歷過的情緒記憶。這些爭論促使心理學家洪福特去探討到當對藝術回應時人確實經歷過真的憂傷和喜悅,但是洪福特也認為這都是不合常理的回應因為精確地說人們知道他們對幻覺的反應是如何。
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TOEFL【Integrated Writing】EXTRA1

Many people dream of owning their own business but are afraid of the risks, instead of starting a new business, however, one can buy a franchise. A franchise is a license issued by a large, usually well-known, company to a small business owner. Under the license, the owner acquires the right to use the company's brand name and agrees to sell its products. In return, the franchising company receives a percent of the sales. 

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The question of forgery in photography has lately become nontrivial. Prices for vintage prints(those make by a photographer soon after he or she made the negative) so drastically ballooned in the 1990s that one of these photographs might fetch a hundred times as much as a nonvintage print of the same image. It was perhaps only a matter of time before someone took advantage of the discrepancy to peddle newly created “vintage”prints for profit.
造假相片的問題近來便猖獗了。vintage prints(一種沖洗照片的術語,在照完像至後力馬用負片沖洗出來的原汁照片)的價錢在90年代是如此被瘋狂炒作以至於一張這種的照片可能是non-vintage print所照出來的照片還貴上好幾百倍。早晚會有人利用這種價差的優勢去販售全新創造的仿“vintage”prints牟利
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TOEFL【Integrated Writing】TPO23

Populations of the yellow cedar, a species of tree that is common in northwestern North America, have been steadily declining for more than a century now, since about 1880. Scientists have advanced several hypotheses explain this decline.  

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Middlemarch author George Eliot reportedly bemoaned the dearth of erudite women, of which her well-educated main character, Dorothea, was a paradigm . Therefore, Eliot scholars have long debated the author’s meaning in marrying Dorothea to the elderly preacher Casaubon and having him exploit his bride for menial needs.
據說米德爾馬契德的作者喬治艾略特(英國女作家)在抱怨才女有夠少的,而這個怨言是根據在她著作中她那受過良好教育的女主角多蘿西亞就是個才女的模範而來的。因此,很多學者對於作者艾略特把多蘿西亞這樣的才女嫁給故事中有點年紀的神職人員卡索邦而且還任由他為了一些端不上檯面的需求去利用他的新娘的用意有了一段很長的爭論。
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TOEFL【Integrated Writing】TPO6

Communal online encyclopedias represent one of the latest resources to be found on the Internet. They are in many respects like traditional printed encyclopedias collections of articles on various subjects. What is specific to these online encyclopedias, however, is that any Internet user can contribute a new article or make an editorial change in an existing one. As a result, the encyclopedia is authored by the whole community of Internet users. The idea might sound attractive, but the communal online encyclopedias have several important problems that make them much less valuable than traditional, printed encyclopedias.  

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